1.2 The phenomenon of communication

The principal theoretical basis of interdisciplinary research into the problems of development and formation of personality are the fundamental provisions on the social essence of man.

Personality catalyzes social relations in its psychological structure, being both their object and subject. The involvement of the individual in social relations determines the thesis about the primary role of social communication in this process.

Due to the complexity of the capacity of the phenomenon of communication, the interpretation of this concept depends on the initial theoretical foundations. In its most general form, communication acts as a form of life activity.

The concept of "communication" closely correlates with the concept of communication. The act of communication is analyzed and evaluated according to the following components:

Addresser - the subject of communication;

Addressee - to whom the communication is directed;

· message – transmitted content;

code - means of transmitting a message, a communication channel;

result - what is achieved as a result of communication.

In domestic psychology, there are several approaches to understanding communication. It seems preferable to proceed from the principle of inseparable unity of communication and activity.

In the most generalized classifications, there are three aspects of communication:

Communicative;

interactive;

Perceptual.

The communicative side of communication is associated with the identification of a specific information process between people as active subjects, taking into account the relationship between partners, their attitudes, goals and intentions.

The means of the communication process are various sign systems:

Optical-kinetic system of signs - gestures, facial expressions, pantomimics;

Paralinguistic and extralinguistic systems - intonation, pauses;

System of organization of space and time of communication;

Eye contact system.

An important characteristic of the communicative process is the intention of its participants to influence each other, to influence the communication of the partner, to ensure their ideal representation in the other.

The interactive side of communication is the construction of a common interaction strategy. There are a number of types of interaction between people, primarily cooperation and competition.

The perceptual side of communication includes the process of forming the image of another person, which is achieved by “reading” behind the physical characteristics of the partner his psychological properties and behavioral characteristics. The main mechanisms of cognition of another person are identification and reflection. .

Communication is one of the main psychological categories. A person becomes a person as a result of interaction and communication with other people. Communication is a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the need for joint activities and including the exchange of information, the development of a strategy for interaction, perception and understanding of a communication partner. .

Defining the essence of communication, it is more often qualified as interaction, which is a specific activity.

B.D. Parygin considers communication "as a complex and multifaceted process that can act, and at the same time, both as a process of interaction between individuals, and as the attitude of people to each other, and as a process of their mutual influence on each other, and as a process of their empathy and mutual understanding each other." .

Communication is a process, but it is not right to attribute the status of a process to the relationship of people to each other. Relationships can manifest themselves in some processes, any process of interaction presupposes the existence of relationships. Relationships are necessarily assumed in each of the components of communication. Without a relationship, neither interaction, nor mutual influence, nor mutual understanding, nor empathy is possible. Communication necessarily implies a relationship between those who communicate, but these concepts do not coincide with each other. Relations between people are always woven into communication and can only be realized in it. .

Relationships are necessarily direct interpersonal relationships. They may be direct "face to face" or mediated by some means of communication, may be simultaneous or delayed, but they must always retain the real possibility of reciprocity. .

Thus, relationships, on the one hand, are realized and manifested in the process of communication, represent its motivational and need basis, and on the other hand, they are modified, developed, formed in the process of its flow. In a living act of interpersonal communication, operational, procedural, “appearing” (external) and internal, motivational, relational components are merged into one. In the observed act of communication, we are dealing with the actualization of existing relations, and with the prerequisite for their development in the direction of strengthening or weakening, and with the cause of a possible change in the very modality of relations, their sign.

And establishing the dependence of communication skills on the personal characteristics of the subjects in order to identify the main reasons that cause difficulties in communication. IV. Drawing up a correctional program for the prevention and overcoming of communication difficulties in adolescence. The studies were carried out from November 1998 to March 1999. Students of the Kudekhinsky secondary school took part in the experiment ...

Disclosure of one's experiences is higher than interest in the feelings and experiences of another. Thus, in Chapter I, the problems of communication in adolescence were revealed. 1) It is noted that in adolescence, a more urgent need for interpersonal communication is manifested. Communication becomes an end in itself, in which adolescents realize their interests, form ideas about themselves and the world around them; 2) ...

The purpose of our work is to study the psychological characteristics of adolescent communication. We assume that the psychological characteristics of communication depend on gender differences, the level of sociability and anxiety, as well as the sociometric status in the group. The object of our work are children of adolescence 14-15 years old. The subject of study is interpersonal communication. In accordance with...

Interactions (Appendix No. 2). The results of the study will improve the communicative competence of high school students, improve relations in groups of adolescents. Study of the socio-psychological characteristics of communication in adolescence. Gender Aspect The study involved 48 people, students of grades 9-10 of Gymnasium No. 18 in the city of Stary Oskol, Belgorod Region, from...

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The concept of communication

Communication is a complex multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities and including: the exchange of information, the development of a unified interaction strategy, the perception and understanding of another person. Types of communication: non-verbal (wordless) communication - communication using facial expressions, gestures, posture and posture instead of words; verbal (verbal, verbal) communication.

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Communication levels

Intrapersonal - mental communication of a person with himself, when he develops some plans, develops ideas, prepares for communication with someone, etc. Interpersonal - communication between two or more people. Public - communication of a person with a large audience.

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Parties of communication

The first is communicative. Communication includes the exchange of information between participants in joint activities, which can be characterized as the communicative side of communication. The second side of communication (interactive) is the interaction of those who communicate. Organization of interaction between people. The exchange in the process of speech is not only words, but also actions, deeds. The third side of communication (perceptual) is the perception by those who communicate with each other. It is very important, for example, whether one of the communication partners perceives the other as trustworthy, intelligent, understanding, prepared, or whether he assumes in advance that he will not understand anything and will not understand anything communicated to him.

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Non-verbal communication

The emotional attitude that accompanies a speech statement forms a special, non-verbal aspect of the exchange of information, a special, non-verbal communication. The means of non-verbal communication include gestures, facial expressions, intonations, pauses, posture, laughter, tears, etc., which form a sign system that complements and enhances, and sometimes replaces the means of verbal communication - words.

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Communication as interpersonal interaction

Communication acts as interpersonal interaction. Entering into communication, i.e. addressing someone with a question, request, order, explaining or describing something, people necessarily set themselves the goal of influencing another person, getting him the desired answer, fulfilling the order, understanding what he did not understand until then.

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Communication as people understanding each other

Behind the interaction and the communicative side of communication is its perceptual aspect - the mutual perception of its participants carried out in communication. Communication becomes possible only if the people interacting can assess the level of mutual understanding and be aware of what a communication partner is. Participants of communication strive to reconstruct each other's inner world in their minds, to understand feelings, motives of behavior, attitude to significant objects.

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The subject is directly given only the external appearance of other people, their behavior and actions, the means of communication they use.

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Causal explanation of another person's actions

Causal explanation of the actions of another person by attributing feelings, intentions, thoughts and motives of behavior to him is called causal attribution or causal interpretation. Causal attribution is carried out most often unconsciously - or on the basis of identification with another person, i.e. when attributing to another person those motives or feelings that the subject himself, as he believes, would find in a similar situation.

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Stereotyping is the classification of forms of behavior and the interpretation (sometimes without any justification) of their causes by referring to already known or seemingly known phenomena, i.e. conforming to social stereotypes.

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Elements of communication

1. sender (one who transmits information); 2. message (sent information); 3. channel - the form of sending a message (oral speech, non-speech method, that is, facial expressions, gestures, posture, written speech); 4. recipient (the one to whom the message is sent); 5. confirmation (method by which the sender is notified that the message has been received).

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Communication channels

Oral speech - the recipient hears it. A non-verbal message is facial expressions, gestures, postures, some actions that the recipient sees. A written message is the words and characters that the recipient reads.

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Stages of the communication process

1. The need for communication encourages a person to enter into communication. 2. Orientation for the purpose of communication, in the external situation of communication. 3. Orientation in the personality of the interlocutor. 4. Planning the content of communication. The person imagines exactly what he will say.

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5. Consciously or unconsciously, a person chooses specific means of communication, speech phrases that he will use. 6. Perception and evaluation of the interlocutor's response. Monitoring the effectiveness of communication based on establishing feedback, adjusting the direction, style, methods of communication.

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Rules for Effective Communication

You need to show a genuine interest in other people. It is worth trying to understand the other person's virtues Trying to understand other people Trying to be friendly and welcoming

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Address a person by name, patronymic Take into account the desires, tastes, interests of your interlocutor Be a good listener Respect for the opinions of another, avoid telling a person that he is wrong

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Questions may be

closed (general), to which the answer can be one-syllable - "yes" or "no"; open (special), to which you can get a more or less detailed answer.

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Purpose of contact between healthcare professional and patient

The purpose of contacts between a medical worker and a patient is medical assistance provided by one of the participants in communication in relation to another. Such relationships are determined to a certain extent by the conditions in which medical activities are carried out. Based on the main goal of therapeutic interaction, we can assume the ambiguity of the importance of contacts in the system of interaction between a health worker and a patient.

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Medical psychology is interested in the motives and values ​​of the doctor, his idea of ​​the ideal patient, as well as certain expectations of the patient himself from the process of diagnosis, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation, the behavior of the doctor or nurse.

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The ability of a health worker to understand a sick person

One of the foundations of medical activity is the ability of a health worker to understand a sick person. In the process of medical activity, an important role is played by the ability to listen to the patient, which seems necessary for the formation of contact between him and the health worker, in particular, the doctor. The ability to listen to a sick person not only helps to determine and diagnose the disease to which he may be susceptible, but the process of listening itself has a favorable interaction on the psychological contact between the doctor and the patient. It is important to note that it is also necessary to take into account the characteristics (profile) of the disease in contact with the patient, since patients of various profiles are found in therapeutic departments common in clinical medicine.

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Somatogeny and psychogeny

In the clinic of internal diseases, specialists deal with somatogenic and psychogenic disorders. In both cases, patients express a large number of different complaints and are very wary of their condition. As a result, psychogeny can complicate the course of the underlying somatic disease, which, in turn, worsens the mental state of patients. Somatogenically conditioned mental disorders often occur in anxious and hypochondriacal patients with hypochondriacal fixation on their condition.

Business communication is a process of interconnection and interaction in which there is an exchange of activities, information and experience that involves the achievement of a certain result, the solution of a specific problem or the implementation of a specific goal.

Business communication can be conditionally divided into direct (direct contact) and indirect (when there is a spatio-temporal distance between partners).

Direct business communication has greater effectiveness, the power of emotional impact and suggestion than indirect, it directly operates socio-psychological mechanisms.

In general, business communication differs from ordinary (informal) communication in that in its process a goal and specific tasks are set that require their solution. In business communication, we cannot stop interacting with a partner (at least without loss for both parties). In ordinary friendly communication, specific tasks are most often not set, specific goals are not pursued.

Business communication is realized in various forms:

business conversation

Business negotiations

business meetings

Public performance.

Negotiation is a business mutual communication with the aim of reaching a joint solution. Throughout our lives, we negotiate, exchange commitments and promises. Whenever two people need to come to an agreement, they must negotiate.

The negotiations proceed in the form of a business conversation on issues of interest to both parties, and serve to establish cooperative ties. Negotiations differ significantly in their goals: the conclusion of a supply agreement, for the conduct of research or design work, an agreement on cooperation and coordination of activities, etc.

During the negotiation process, people want to:

Achieve mutual agreement on a matter in which interests collide

It is worthy to withstand the confrontation that inevitably arises due to conflicting interests without destroying the relationship.

To achieve this, you need to be able to:

Solve the problem of

Establish interpersonal interaction

Manage emotions.

People with different negotiating experience can come together at the negotiating table. They may have different temperaments and different special education. In accordance with this great diversity, the very course of negotiations differs. They can proceed easily or intensely, partners can agree among themselves without difficulty or with great difficulty, or not come to any agreement at all.

1. Preparation of negotiations:

Analysis of the problem (determination of the subject of negotiations, information about the partner, the availability of alternatives, your interests and the interests of the partner)

Negotiation planning (development of a negotiation concept, definition of goals, objectives, negotiation strategies, economic calculations, main positions, possible options, preparation of the necessary technical and reference documentation)

Organizational planning

First contacts with a partner.

2. Negotiating.

Approximate scheme:

Welcome and Introduction

Characteristics of the problem and proposals for the course of negotiations

Statement of position (detailed)

Conducting a dialogue

Solution

Completion.

Negotiations are intended mainly to use mutual exchange of views (in the form of various proposals for solving the problem under discussion) to “bargain” an agreement that meets the interests of both parties and achieve results that would suit all participants in the negotiations.

Negotiations are held:

For a specific reason (for example, in connection with the need to establish cooperation ties)

Under certain circumstances (e.g. conflict of interest)

For a specific purpose (for example, entering into an agreement)

On certain important issues (political, economic, social or cultural).

It is often possible to reach an agreement only after a comprehensive discussion of the problem; in the course of any negotiations, various interests are revealed, and partners pass them through the prism of their own needs.

An important role is also played by the advantages (or negative aspects) associated with the conclusion of this or that agreement for partners, especially when evaluating new solutions put forward only in the process of negotiations. Any negotiations require careful preparation: the more intensively they are conducted (using analyzes, calculations of the economic effect, conclusions, etc.), the greater the chances of success. The opposite picture is observed in the case when various objective and psychological aspects are not properly taken into account during negotiations.

Lecture 2. Theme. Psychology of communication management

1. Communication as a socio-psychological phenomenon

2. Psychological structure of communication

3. Psychological features of managerial communication

Group activity consists of the interaction of individuals in the joint solution of certain problems (economic, industrial, educational, law enforcement, etc.). The most important condition for the interaction of people in groups is communication. What is the essence of this concept?

Communication is the process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by their needs for joint activities. Communication includes:

Exchange of information between stakeholders, employees in groups and organizations, as well as between groups;

Development of a joint strategy of activity, which includes the subjects of communication;

Perception and understanding of each other by people in the process of solving joint problems.

Sometimes there is a tendency to identify the concepts of "communication", "social relations", "interpersonal relations". However, these concepts, being interconnected, are not identical, since they have their own specifics.

The concept of communication has a broader meaning. Communication is objectively generated by the joint life activity of people in the systems of their external relations with the social environment and intra-group interpersonal relations.

Social relations are manifested in the communication of people not as individuals, but as representatives of social classes (employer-employee relations), economic structures (seller and buyer of goods), hierarchical formal organizations (regional and district law enforcement departments), etc.

Interpersonal relationships are built on the basis of business and emotional assessments, as well as people's preferences for each other.

Thus, relations between people, both impersonal and interpersonal, are always woven into communication and can only be realized in it. Human society is inconceivable without communication. Communication acts in it as a way of uniting individuals and at the same time as a way of their development in personal and professional terms. This implies the existence of communication both as a reality of social relations and as a reality of interpersonal relations. Communication with necessity is carried out in a wide variety of human relationships, that is, it takes place both in positive and negative social and interpersonal relationships.

We can say that communication plays a big role in the life and work of people. In various forms of communication, people exchange the results of their activities, accumulated experience, mutual exchange of knowledge, judgments, ideas, ideas, interests, feelings is carried out, the aspirations, needs and goals of people are coordinated, a psychological community is formed, mutual understanding is achieved.

In the process of communication, a common program and a common strategy for joint activities are formed. Thanks to communication, the horizons of a person expand, the limitations of individual experience are overcome. Therefore, communication has an important place in human development.

In psychological science, there are several approaches to understanding the essence of communication between people:

Communication is the process of transferring information from one subject to another using various communication means and mechanisms. The goal of communication is to achieve mutual understanding (A. G. Kovalev);

Communication is the interaction of people, and the transfer of information is only a necessary condition, but not the essence of communication (A. A. Leontiev);

Communication is a process of relationships between people in a team, during which the collectivist properties of the group are formed (K. K. Platonov);

Communication is both the exchange of information, and the interaction of people, and their relationships (B.D. Parygin).

Such attention to communication indicates the importance of psychologists' assessment of its role. Contradictions in points of view indirectly indicate the complex relationship of communication with other, inextricably linked psychological phenomena - relationships, interaction and with the activity itself, the complexity of the crystallization of the essence of communication itself in these relationships.

Communication, as can be seen from the definitions given by a number of authors, is inextricably linked with the activities of people. This is recognized by all psychologists who consider communication from the standpoint of the activity approach. However, the nature of this relationship is understood differently.

Other psychologists consider communication to be a special kind of activity. Some of them (D. B. Elkonin) call it communicative activity (or communication activity), independent at a certain stage of human development (for example, in preschoolers and especially in adolescence); others (A. A. Leontiev) - one of the types of activity (for example, speech activity).

The third point of view (B. F. Lomov) is that activity and communication are considered not as parallel and interrelated activities, but as two sides of a person’s social existence, his way of life. Attaching special importance to communication, BF Lomov writes that the real life of a person is not limited to subject-practical activity. Communication performs in it the special functions of exchanging ideas, interests, transferring character traits, forming attitudes of the individual, her position.

Thus, despite some differences, the authors of all points of view recognize the connection between activity and communication, although they reveal it in different ways. It is clear that in the life of a small group in which people are in constant direct contact, communication plays a very important role.

Communication performs a number of functions in the life and joint activities of small groups. First of all, it is a cognitive function. It consists in the fact that communication is a source of information that is important for the individual about ongoing events in society, in the sphere to which the group belongs, in the inner life of the group itself, the perceptions of each other by members of the group, information about the intentions, states and actions of other members of the group, events in their lives, the results of joint activities, the opinions of the group about individual members, etc. Ultimately, communication serves the interests of mutual understanding. The highest level of mutual understanding and development of the group - the team - is a union of like-minded people.

The developing function of communication lies in its role in the entire socialization of the individual in its ontogenesis. In a small group, this socialization proceeds and continues with particular intensity as a result of direct and time-consuming communication between members of the group. A versatile exchange of knowledge, judgments, opinions, experiences, values ​​and ideals, motives and interests takes place, resulting in changes in the psychological properties and personality traits of group members. The features of the group as a whole act as a common factor influencing the members of the group, ensuring the convergence of their knowledge, views, attitudes, skills, habits, etc., and at the same time they represent a space that opens up opportunities for manifestations of individualization of development. Naturally, the nature of the developing influences of a group depends on what its activity is, the organization of life and activity, what its leadership is, what interests, values, opinions, traditions, customs, relationships and other group socio-psychological phenomena prevail in it, are characteristic of it. and are manifested in the specifics of communication between group members.

The determining function is that communication is one of the essential factors of social dependence of the behavior of members of a small group, inducing their interests, goals, plans, motives, desires, needs, actions and actions, as well as regulating their appearances. Communication contributes to the emergence, strengthening of certain mental states, processes, manifestations of activity and, conversely, to restraining, preventing, weakening them.

The rallying function contributes to the emergence of a common opinion in the group, between the members of the group, the achievement of mutual understanding, agreement, the search for a compromise, the establishment of close relationships, synchronization, coordination of actions.

The function of managing, leading a small group is realized by using communication as an organizing factor that helps to establish an organizational order in the life and activities of the group, achieve clear interaction between all members of the group in the course of joint activities, achieve its goals and satisfy the interests of everyone.

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that a person's life is impossible without his contacts with other people.

The need for communication is one of the most important needs. This need arises with the birth of a person. Over time, the need for communication changes both in form and content. At the same time, the need for communication with peers is especially acute in older preschool age.

Communication with peers at preschool age occupies a central place in the development of intellectual, speech, emotional and moral inclinations. The psychological, social and physical development of children depends on how relationships develop with peers.

The main criteria for communication are: attention and interest in another, emotional attitude towards him, initiative and sensitivity. Communication is an emotional relationship between a person and a person. Therefore, communication with peers forms, develops and corrects the emotional sphere of the child.

Dissatisfaction in communicating with peers can lead to increased anxiety, aggression, and insecurity in the child.

The degree of development of the problem. The problem of communication of preschoolers was dealt with by such scientists as: B.G. Ananiev, G.M. Andreeva, A.A. Bodalev, A.L. Wenger, L.S. Vygotsky, N. Galiguzova, V.A. Goryanina, V.P. Zinchenko, M.S. Kagan, S.V. Kornitskaya, A.A. Leontiev, M.I. Lisina, B.F. Lomov and others.

The purpose of the study is to study the structural-dynamic analysis of communication between preschool children and their peers.

The object of the study is the communication of preschool children with peers.

The subject of the research is a structural-dynamic analysis of the communication of preschool children with their peers.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were defined:

1. Consider communication as an activity.

2. Reveal the structural and content characteristics of communication.

3. To identify the features of communication between preschool children and adults.

4. To identify the features of communication of preschool children with peers.

Research methods. To solve the tasks set, the method of theoretical analysis and generalization of psychological and pedagogical sources on the research problem was used.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

In the first chapter "The Phenomenon of Communication in Psychology" - communication as an activity is considered; Structural and meaningful characteristics of communication are disclosed.

In the second chapter "Ontogenetic aspects of communication as a leading type of activity" the features of children's communication are revealed.

THE PHENOMENON OF COMMUNICATION IN PSYCHOLOGY

Communication as an activity

Communication is a process of transferring information from person to person, a complex process of establishing and developing contacts between people or groups of people, which is generated by the needs of joint activities and includes three different processes: information exchange, action exchange, as well as perception and understanding of a partner. Human activity is impossible without communication.

Communication must be considered both as a side of any joint activity (activity is not only labor, but also communication in the process of labor), and as a special activity. The main feature of communication as an activity is that through communication a person forms his relationships with other people. Communication is a condition without which a person cannot know reality. Communication is an essential component of those activities that involve the interaction of people. Due to the stability of the psychological patterns of communication, people of different levels of cultural development and different ages can communicate.

Some researchers consider activity and communication as two sides of a person's social existence, and not as interrelated processes. So, for example, B.F. Lomov believes that communication cannot be defined as a type of human activity, since communication connects the subject with the subject, and not with another object.

Other researchers understand communication as a certain aspect of activity: communication is included in any activity, is its element. At the same time, the activity itself is considered as a condition, and as the basis of communication.

M.S. Kagan does not reduce all human activity only to objective activity; in accordance with this, communication is a versatile manifestation of human activity.

M.S. Kagan considers two variants of intersubject activity. One option is not mediated, and the other is mediated by the relation to the object (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Options for inter-stakeholder activities

A.A. Bodalev notes that communication is not only a necessary component of people's activities, but also an indispensable condition for the normal functioning of their communities.

As a type of activity, communication was considered by A.A. Leontiev.

Considering communication as an activity, B.G. Ananiev emphasized that through communication a person builds his relationships with other people. In his work "Man as an object of knowledge" B.G. Ananiev noted that human behavior is communication, practical interaction with people in different social structures.

B.G. Ananiev pointed out that being an obligatory component of various types of activity, communication is a condition without which knowledge of reality is impossible.

According to M.I. Lisin, "communication" is a synonym for communicative activity. This point of view is supported by G.A. Andreeva, V.P. Zinchenko and S.A. Smirnova.

Communication as an activity is determined by motives and goals. A motive is a reason that induces a person to a certain activity. The general motive of speech activity is the need to establish informational and emotional contact with other people. The goals of speech activity include the maintenance of social and personal relationships, the organization of work, life and leisure of a person.

The researchers note that the leading and only independent activity of the child in the first half of the year is communication.

The development of communication in a child occurs in several stages. First comes the contact function. The purpose of this function is to establish and maintain contact with an adult. Then the child masters the information function. Mastering this function presupposes the ability to establish contact.

It should be noted that the status of activity, communication is given by the function of assimilation of artificial sign means in ontogeny.

As already noted, in ontogenesis, communication is the primary form of the child's relationship to the environment. At first, this form presupposes understanding on the part of another subject (primarily the mother), and then mutual understanding (the child not only expresses his desires, but also takes into account the interests of others, on which the realization of his own depends).

Gradually, communication turns into objective activity, which, in turn, realizes the child's attitude to the world. In objective activity, the child studies certain subjects. With the help of objective activity, the child develops an objective attitude to the world.

Communication is a human need, which is explained by its social nature and includes both material forms of human life and spiritual ones.

The human need for communication is very great and significant. During his life, a person constantly interacts with other people, and therefore communicates.

People communicate in the process of joint activities and exchange information. Communication is the main condition for the formation of personality.

Thanks to communication, a person’s social orientation is formed (the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bhis position in the group).

Communication is determined by the system of social relations, however, in the structure of communication it is impossible to separate the personal from the public. The means of communication is language, the mechanism of manifestation of which is speech. Speech is formed by words, which are both an instrument of mental activity and a means of contact.

In communication, it is customary to distinguish three interconnected parties:

Communicative.

interactive.

Perceptual.

The communicative side ensures the exchange of information. The interactive side organizes the interaction between individuals in the process of communication (the exchange of not only knowledge and ideas, but also actions). The perceptual side helps communication partners perceive each other and establish mutual understanding.

As for the types of communication, they are distinguished by four types, depending on the level of interaction:

The first type is the level of manipulation (one subject considers another subject as a means or an obstacle to the project of his activity, his intention).

The second type is the level of reflexive play (the subject strives to win by implementing his own project and blocking someone else's).

The third type is the level of legal communication (the subjects of communication recognize the right of existence of each other's projects of activity, and also accept the project of mutual responsibility).

The fourth level is the level of moral communication (the highest level at which the subjects accept the project of joint activity, as a result of voluntary agreement).

So, communication is considered as the interaction of two or more persons through the exchange of information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature. Through communication, the organization of joint activities is carried out.

The object of psychological study is a person as a subject of activity, since in activity such mental properties of a person as: character, emotions, attitudes, relationships are formed. The first domestic psychologist who began to study activity was V.S. Vygotsky, who believed that activity is a mechanism for cognition of the human psyche, the formation of higher mental functions in him.

The study of individual activity takes place in the system of social relations. The development of human activities occurs in close connection with the development of needs. The relationship motive goal mode of action plays a leading role in the organization of activities.

In psychology, it is customary to distinguish three types of activity:

1. Game. Represents the first type of activity in which the child is included. In the game, the needs of the child are formed and manifested.

2. Teaching. It is an activity, the object of which is a person who acquires knowledge, skills and abilities.

3. Labor. It is a conscious purposeful activity, which is determined by productivity.

Thus, activity is a specific type of human activity, which is aimed at the knowledge and transformation of the surrounding world and oneself.

Activity and communication are interconnected phenomena. In the process of communication, joint activities are formed, mutual exchange of information and correction of actions are carried out. Communication determines the choice of goals, and acts as a factor in the organization of joint activities.