Routing. Route technological process for repairing a part Development of a technological process for repairing a driven shaft using route technology
Technological documentation for the restoration of the part includes:
repair drawing of the part (RF);
a route map for the restoration of a part (MK);
· operating cards of restoration of a detail (OK);
· maps of sketches (KE) to operational maps.
Repair drawings are performed in accordance with the requirements of ESKD standards, taking into account the rules provided for by GOST 2.604 "Repair Drawings".
Initial data for the development of a repair drawing:
working drawing of the part;
technical requirements for a new part;
technical requirements for flaw detection of the part;
technical requirements for the remanufactured part.
The main requirements for the implementation of repair drawings are as follows:
the places to be restored are highlighted with a solid main line with a thickness, the rest of the image with a solid thin line with a thickness . The repair drawing designation is obtained by adding the letter P (repair) to the part designation;
on the drawings of parts restored by welding, surfacing, metal plating, threaded inserts, etc., it is recommended to sketch the preparation of the corresponding section of the part for restoration;
when using surfacing, soldering, etc., the repair drawing indicates the name, grade of the material used in the restoration, as well as the number of the standard for this material.
Repair drawing includes.
1. The actual drawing of the part, indicating the defects and dimensional accuracy parameters of the restored surfaces.
2. Names of defects and coefficients of their repeatability.
3. Technical requirements for the restoration of the part.
4. Schemes for locating a part during restoration and machining.
5. Basic and additional ways to eliminate defects.
6. Technological recovery route. In the route map indicate.
1. Names of all operations in the order of their execution (cleaning, troubleshooting, surfacing, etc.); operations are numbered in multiples of 5 (005, 010, 015, etc.);
2. Equipment to perform each operation.
3. Name and characteristics of the material used to perform each operation.
4. Piece time for each operation.
Operating cards are intended to describe technological operations with indication of transitions, processing modes, data on technological equipment, norms for piece time for performing an operation and transitions.
In operational cards, after the name of the operation (transition), the technical requirements related to the operation (transition) being performed are indicated. The numbers of transitions in operating cards are indicated by Arabic numerals in the technological sequence. Record transitions.
Sketch cards are performed for each operation. They reflect the following information: a sketch of a part, a basing scheme when performing a given operation, surface dimensions or other characteristics obtained when performing this operation.
Related information:
- Behavioral and social goals. Since the main problem in the schizoid case concerns the issue of attachment, the goal of the therapist will be to restore it.
The purpose of the work: to draw up a technological map for the repair of a part.
Devices and materials: measuring tool (caliper, inside gauge, etc.)
General information.
A set of works performed in a certain sequence and ensuring the restoration of the operability of a particular part is called a repair flow chart (scheme).
The technological map (scheme) of repair of a part consists of separate technological operations of repair.
The flow chart development form provides for the consistent execution of all processes and operations necessary to restore the performance of a particular part: a sketch of the equipment operation, tools, fixtures, specifications, labor costs, profession and category of the worker.
Before the development of a technological map for repairs, the part is fault-detected. By this is meant the definition of a physical (often geometric), rather than a functional non-compliance with the requirements established for the manufacture of this part.
Defects are often:
Deviation of the dimensions of the part from the permissible ones, i.e. wear;
Deviation of the shape or surface of the part from the drawing;
Partial destruction and damage to the working surfaces of the part, etc.
Curvature of the geometric axis, warping of the part, etc.
On the technological map, part defects are usually indicated at the bottom of the form. To control the correctness of the restoration of the part, a drawing of the part is attached to the technological map.
The technological map (scheme) of the repair of the part is developed by the engineering and technical workers of the department of the chief mechanic (OGM) of the plant, the repair and mechanical shop (RMS) or shop mechanics (equipment repairmen).
After development, the flow chart should be issued to workers performing work (operations) on the restoration of parts, and also be kept by engineering and technical workers who organize and control the process of repairing the part.
1. Curvature of the shaft axis.
2. Blocking the center.
3. Shells on the necks of the shaft 75 mm, depth h=4 mm.
4. Burrs on splines.
| No. p / p | Name of operation and works | Operation sketch | Device, tool | Technical instructions | N. time man/hour | Category of works |
| Locksmith Clean center holes, check for runout and align. |  | 1. Trihedral gate. 2. Dial type indicator. 3. A device for checking shafts and straightening with e / hoist 0.5 t. | The price of division of the indicator is 0.01 mm. | 0,5 | Sles. III category | |
| Turning Check and fix the center. holes. GOST for the center. holes. |  | 1. Current screw. Machine 16K20. 2. Center drill. 3. Boring cutter 25x25 mm. 4. Dial type indicator. | a) Template for testing centers. holes b) Shaft alignment accuracy - 0.1 mm according to | 0,1 | Turner IV category | |
| Turning Turn over welding spots: up to mm |  | 1. Current screw. Machine 16K20. 2. Boring cutter 25x25mm. 3. Caliper 0-300 mm. | Cutting mode: V=130m/min S=0.3mm/rev | 0,8 | Turner IV category | |
| Surfacing Surfacing: |  | 1. Current screw. machine 16K20 2. Passing cutter 25x25 mm. 3. Caliper 0-300 mm. | Cutting mode: V=130 m/min S= 0.3 mm/rev | 0,8 | Turner IV category | |
| Thermal Normalization. Heat the shaft to t=800 C and cool in air. |  | 1. Gas burner. 2.E/tal 0.5 t. | After heating, cool the shaft in still air HB=260-280 | 3,0 | Turner IV category | |
| Locksmith Clean the shaft from scale, check for runout, align if necessary. |  | 1. Hydraulic press. 2. Runout tester | Testing accuracy 0.1 mm | 0,5 | Sles. III category | |
| Locksmith Remove burrs on splines. |  | 1. File 2. Needle file | 0,5 | Sles. III category | ||
| Turning Cut to outside diameter |  | 1. Current screw. machine 16K20 2. Passing cutter 25x25 mm with T15K16 plate. 3. Caliper 0-300 mm. | Cutting mode: V=130 m/min S=0.3 mm/rev | 0,5 | Turner IV category | |
grinding Grinding shaft jobs:  ) mm. | | 1. Cylindrical grinding machine with a circle diameter of 400 mm. | Circle E46-60 on a ceramic bond. | 1,0 | Grinder III category | |
| Final To hand over the shaft to the Quality Control Department or to the RMC foreman. |  | 1.Control table. 2.Tool for measuring the shaft: control brackets, caliper, micrometer. | Check compliance with the drawing of all dimensions and cleanliness of processing. | 0,25 | IV grade controller |
The technological process includes
- - the sequence of production operations (route) to eliminate defects;
- - determination of dimensions, tolerances, cleanliness of the surface of the repaired part;
- - choice of the type of equipment, equipment, tools;
- - calculation of norms of time for processing and qualification of works.
Due to the fact that restoration (manufacturing) works are carried out on different equipment, an important element of the process is the choice of the base of the part, against which all other parameters are calculated.
Operation - this part of the process in one area; a transition is an element of an operation in processing; an important part of the technological process is the scale of the repair; similarity of positions in it; repair factor; stock standards of the same name and the required range of parts in stock called lot size.
Transmission units include: clutch, gearbox, transfer case, front, middle and rear axles, driveline.
After washing, the disassembled units are finally disassembled into parts. Parts are washed in a secondary washing machine, defective, sorted into groups, completed by size, weight, and balanced. The most worn parts are sent to TsVID - workshops for the restoration of worn parts.
The technological methods used in the restoration of parts include: fusion welding, electric arc, electroslag under a flux layer, in a shielding gas and steam environment, vibro-arc, argon-arc, gas, plasma, foundry, beam (electronic, laser) high-frequency, electrocontact, friction, explosion , mining, press, diffusion, ultrasonic, induction, cold, condenser, gas press, forging, spraying (plasma, flame); metallization (gas, electric arc, high-frequency plasma); soldering (soft, hard), electrolytic metal coatings (chrome plating, iron plating, nickel plating, zinc plating); the use of polymeric materials (with application in a fluidized bed by a gas-flame method, pressing, gluing); pressure treatment (expansion, draft, rolling, rolling, drawing, disembarkation, electromechanical processing); metalwork - machining (sawing, scraping, lapping, reaming, grinding, pinning, threading, setting tightening and other elements, nozzles and acceptable repair parts); electrical processing methods (anode-mechanical, electrochemical, electrocontact, electropulsion, electroerosive); hardening treatment (thermal, thermomechanical, chemical-thermal, surface-plastic, diamond tooling, superfinishing).
A variety of different recovery methods allows you to create a certain reserve of parts for operated machines, significantly reduce their downtime, and increase the availability factor.
Threaded connections are restored by surfacing and cutting new threads; run with a calibrated plate; body parts - undergo several recovery methods. The shafts are corrected, machined to the next repair size or bushed.
Riveted joints are replaced from the repair fund; stick, rivet new ones;
Bearings either change or restore the cages by leaving, galvanizing
Worn slots are restored by surfacing under a layer of flux or in a carbon dioxide environment, followed by milling and grinding to the size according to the working drawing. The depressions between the slots and the slotted neck are caught with longitudinal seams. The end of the electrode wire is set in the middle of the depressions between the slots. In order to mechanize repair work, parts during restoration are divided into groups (classes) according to their accessories: case, from various alloys, including cast irons (SCh, KCh, MCh), low-alloyed; special alloys AL-4; Md 4 non-ferrous metals: shafts - smooth, stepped, camshafts, crankshafts made of low-alloyed alloys 12 HGT, 18 HGT, ST 45; 50; 60; springs; gears - with internal and external teeth. The recovery methods use the following operations:
- - thermal for annealing hard hardened surfaces (gear teeth, shafts, splined parts, cardan parts, splined hubs, as well as normalization, tempering, carburizing, etc.).
- - locksmith, for straightening shafts, drilling holes, riveting pads, linings, reaming, countersinking, countersinking:
- - turning - screw-cutting, for removing, turning, facing, cutting threads, additional parts, mandrels
- - surfacing (electroplating) spraying - for restoration to nominal values;
- - screw-cutting lathe, for turning, removing an excess layer after surfacing, galvanizing and for transfer to other departments;
- - gear-cutting (gear-cutting, slotting) - for keyways, cutting teeth, slot;
- - thermally - hardening - to bring its strength to TU and TT of the manufacturer
- - flat-cylindrical grinding to obtain a certain surface finish (see the manual and tolerance fields, cleanliness classification);
- - final control for acceptance of parts in terms of dimensions, quality of accuracy, surface finish, tolerances and fits, hardness and deviations from the nominal value.
The list of typical restoration operations has codes from 005 to 050 through 5 units and is determined for each part individually.
The technological process of restoring parts can be represented as a route, route - operational, and operational description. With a route and route - operational description of the technological process, the route map is one of the main documents that describes the entire process in the technological sequence of operations.
According to the compiled control, sorting and fault detection maps, we draw up MK route maps for exactly:
MK on the cardan shaft (hardness of the neck for the bearing HRC 60-65)
- 005 - thermal (annealing of the shafts of a resistance heating furnace in a protective environment);
- 010 - turning - screw-cutting (removes worn surfaces in diameter for surfacing, grinding, milling slots);
- 015 - surfacing (metallization on special equipment with a metal shutter;
- 020 - turning - screw-cutting (grooving in a nominal size with a grinding tolerance)
- 025 - thermal;
- 030 - centerless grinding
- 040 - final control
When developing technological processes for the restoration of parts, the main documents are: a repair drawing of a part, a route chart (MC), an operational chart (OC), a fault finding process chart (CTPD) and a sketch chart (CE).
The repair drawing is the main document, according to which the technological process of restoring the part is developed.
The initial data for the development of a repair drawing are:
working drawing of the part;
technical requirements for flaw detection of a part;
data on the choice of rational ways to eliminate defects;
technical requirements for the remanufactured part.
Repair drawings are performed in accordance with the rules provided for by GOST 2.604-2000 "Repair Drawings" (Fig. 2.33):
the places of the part to be repaired (restored) or processed are highlighted with a solid thick main line, and the rest - with a solid thin line;
dimensions and their limiting deviations, roughness values should be indicated only for the restored elements of the part;
repair drawings depict only those views, sections, sections that are necessary for the restoration of the part;
for a surface subjected to mechanical processing before building up (electroplating, surfacing, spraying, etc.), it is necessary to indicate the size to which processing is performed. In this case, it is recommended to draw a sketch of the preparation of the corresponding section of the part on the drawing;
when developing a repair drawing for an assembly unit, the specification must include the parts that are being restored and the parts that cannot be replaced;
when restoring the surface of a part using an additional part, the repair drawing is drawn up as an assembly drawing. An additional detail is drawn on the same drawing or a drawing is developed on it;
categorical and fitting dimensions of surfaces are affixed with letter designations, and their numerical values are given in the table. The table is placed at the top right of the drawing;
Category dimensions are the repair final dimensions of the part, established by the technical requirements for a certain category of repair (in the technical literature they are often called repair). Fitting refers to the repair dimensions of the part, set to fit the part "in place";
8) in the field of the repair drawing, in addition to the table of repair dimensions, a table is placed in which the numbers, names of defects, defect repeatability coefficients, the main and permissible methods for their elimination are given. The previously justified rational (optimal) recovery method is taken as the main one. When restoring parts by welding, surfacing, spraying, etc., the name and designation (grade) of the material and protective environment should be indicated in the table. Under the table of defects indicate the conditions and defects under which the part is not accepted for restoration. In this case, the dimensions of the columns and rows of the table of defects are determined by the volume of the text part and the availability of free space in the drawing;
on the field of the drawing above the main inscription set out the technical requirements related to the restored surfaces: heat treatment and hardness; limit deviations of sizes, shapes and relative positions of surfaces, etc.; requirements for the quality of surfaces (presence of pores, shells, delaminations, etc.) and others;
if necessary, in the free field of the drawing, instructions for basing and a technological recovery route for the main method of eliminating the defect are given;
repair drawings are recommended to be done in A1 format. In this case, the image of the part, specification, technical requirements and a table of categorical dimensions are performed on the first sheet, and views, sections, sections and a table of defects can be performed on subsequent sheets;
12) when designating a repair drawing, the letter “P” (repair) is added to the designation of the working drawing of the part. In the case of using additional parts, the letters "SB" are added (assembly drawing).
The technological process of restoring parts can be represented as a route, route-operational and operational description. At the same time, the completeness of documents for a single and typical (group) technological processes for the restoration of parts can be different and is drawn up in accordance with GOST 3.1121-84 "General requirements for the completeness and execution of sets of documents for standard and group technological processes (operations)" or according to RTM 10.0024 -94 "The procedure for the development and execution of technological documentation for the repair and restoration of worn parts of machines." Figures 2.34 and 2.35 show examples of the design of the title (Form 12) and subsequent (Form 12a) sheets of the part restoration process in accordance with RTM 10.0024.
The route map is an integral and integral part of the set, drawn up in accordance with GOST 3.1118 (Forms 2 and 1b). With the route and route-operational description of the technological process, this document describes the entire process in the technological sequence of operations, indicating the equipment. In the operational description of the technological process, the MC plays the role of a free document, which indicates the address information (the number of the workshop, section, workplace, operation), the name of the operation, the list of documents used in the performance of the operation, technological equipment and labor costs. Technological modes should be put down in accordance with the sections of the MC. Examples of the design of the MC (title and subsequent sheets) are shown in Figures 2.36 and 2.37.
OK - a mandatory document of the technological process for the restoration of parts, which includes a consistent description of the technological process for all operations, indicating equipment, fixtures, tools, processing modes, techniques and methods of implementation, consumables and labor standards. Operational cards are made in accordance with GOST 3.1404-83 (Form 3) and must contain sketch cards drawn up in accordance with GOST 3.1105-84 (Form 7 and 7a).
When applying for an OK, the following basic requirements must be met. The name of the operations is written briefly in the nominative case, for example: “Surfacing”, “Turning”, etc. Operations are assigned numbers that are multiples of five, for example: 05, 10, 15, 20, etc. The content of operations (transitions) is written down briefly and clearly, with a verb in the imperative mood, for example: “Fuse the surface (1) to 0 56”. Figure 2.38 shows an example of the execution of an operational recovery map.
KPTPD is an obligatory element of the technological process of fault detection of parts, which includes the name of defects and methods for their elimination, methods and means of control that are permissible without repair, and limiting dimensions.
Rice. 2.34. An example of the design of the title page of the part recovery flow chart in accordance with RTM 10.0024 (Form 12)
Rice. 2.36. An example of the design of the title (first) sheet of a route map in accordance with GOST 3.1118 (Form 2)
Rice. 2.37. An example of the design of subsequent sheets of a route map in accordance with GOST 3.1118 (Form 1b)
Rice. 2.38. An example of an operating card in accordance with
with GOST 3.1404 (Form 3)
The fault detection process map is developed in accordance with the R50-60-88 standard “Rules for issuing a document for the repair process”. Graduates, respectively, fill in the columns “Shop number”, “Number of workers”, “Wage scale code”, “Rate type code”, “T PZ, T pcs”, “Profession code”. In the column "Operation number" indicate the number of the defect, and in the column "Name, content of the operation" it is allowed to indicate the name of the defect. In the column "Special Instructions" they give a conclusion: to reject, to restore. In this case, it is allowed to indicate the methods of restoration (iron, surfacing, spraying, etc.). Figures 2.39 and 2.40 show forms, main inscriptions for the first (Form 5) and subsequent (Form 5a) sheets of KPD in accordance with GOST 3.1115-79. An example of the design of KTPD is shown in Figure 2.41.
A sketch map is a graphical part recovery workflow document designed for operations and transitions. The sketch map is drawn up in accordance with GOST 3.1105-84, GOST 3.1129-93 and GOST 3.1130-93. FE contain diagrams, tables, defects, technical requirements necessary to perform an operation or transition, as well as explanatory methods and tools that ensure the safe execution of technological operations. The need to develop individual FEs in the route-operational and operational processes is determined by the developer. FE is developed on the basis of the drawing and overhaul guidelines. On the sketch for the restoration process, the numbers and names of defects, technical requirements, and sizes of the surfaces to be treated should be indicated. On a properly designed sketch, the number of images should be minimal and at the same time the sketch should be read without difficulty. Elements of parts, dimensions not related to the surface being machined in this operation or in this process, are not indicated on the sketch.
The following requirements must be met when applying for a CE:
the required number of images (views, cuts and sections) on the sketch of the workpiece must be sufficient for a visual and clear representation of the workpiece surfaces and the possibility of setting dimensions, technological bases and clamping forces. When performing FE fault detection, the required number of images on the sketch is set from the condition of ensuring visibility and clarity of the location of the controlled surfaces of the part, which will allow quality fault detection;
the processed, controlled and defective surfaces are outlined by the main line, 2 ... 3 times thicker than the solid line and numbered in the sketch with Arabic numerals. In this case, the surface number is put down in a circle (circle) with a diameter of 6 ... 8 mm, connected by an extension line with the image of this surface and numbered in the clockwise direction;
on the operational sketch, the workpiece is shown in the state that it acquires as a result of this operation. On the CE for a given technological operation, dimensions, maximum deviations, the nature of the connection, the roughness of the machined surface, bases, specifications, etc. are indicated according to ESKD;
on sketches on the same scale as the workpiece, cutting tools should be shown in a simplified way in the final position for processing, and tools for processing holes (drills, countersinks, taps, etc.) - in the initial position. With multi-tool processing, the operational sketch should show all cutting tools;
to designate technological bases, supports and clamping devices, they use conventional signs in accordance with GOST 3.1107-81 “Supports, clamps, installation devices. Graphic designations.
An example of a sketch map is shown in Figure 2.42.
The technological bases, supports and their corresponding clamps indicate the FE. The right choice of technological and measuring bases is one of the conditions for high-quality manufacturing of a part. The main provisions of the basing theories and terminology are given in GOST 21495. Below are the provisions that a qualified worker should know.
When choosing bases, it is taken into account that the imposition of geometric and kinematic constraints on the body (in the x, y, z coordinate system) allows you to deprive it of six degrees of freedom (three displacements along the axis and three rotations around these axes) and ensure reliable fastening during processing. Six bonds, depriving the workpiece of movement in six directions, can be created by contact with fixture parts.
Installation schemes are used to indicate the bases that determine the required position of the workpiece and the fixing forces that ensure the constancy of this position. The choice of bases is determined by the design and requirements for the accuracy of dimensions and the relative position of the surfaces of the parts.
When developing cutting processes and choosing bases, it is customary to combine technological bases with measuring ones or take surfaces as technological bases, the position of which in relation to measuring bases is determined by a dimensional chain with a minimum number of component links. When choosing bases, preference is given to the basing option, where the tolerances of the constituent links of the dimensional chain are economically viable. At the same time, they analyze and provide for the possibility without changing the bases, taking into account that the change of the base during processing introduces errors associated with inaccuracies in the relative position of the bases.
The expediency of changing the bases is justified by the calculation of dimensional chains, taking into account the errors associated with the processing features (the appearance of installation errors, distortion of the shape and dimensions of the workpiece during heat treatment, etc.). If the workpiece configuration does not allow selecting technological bases and stably orienting the workpiece, then artificial bases-tides (bosses), additionally machined conical holes (center sockets), conical outer and other surfaces are created. If, when installing workpieces of low rigidity, the number of reference points does not provide sufficient rigidity of the workpiece, it is recommended to use additional movable supports (mobile rest, etc.).
Rice. 2.39. Form and main inscriptions for the title (first) sheet of KTPD in accordance with GOST 3.1115 (Form 5)
Rice. 2.40. Form and main inscriptions for subsequent sheets of KTPD in accordance with GOST 3.1115 (Form 5a)
Rice. 2.41. An example of registration of KTPD
When choosing bases for processing a workpiece in the first operation, where installation is carried out on untreated surfaces, surfaces are selected as preliminary bases, relative to which the remaining surfaces can be processed (with complete processing from one setup), or surfaces used in subsequent operations as technological bases . Installing the workpiece on the base should ensure an even distribution of allowances for the subsequent processing of the most critical surfaces.
Surfaces taken as rough bases must have sufficient dimensions, configuration and roughness to ensure the necessary accuracy and rigidity of fixing the workpiece in the fixture.
When performing subsequent operations, it is advisable to install the blanks on the bases processed in the first operation. The re-installation of the workpiece on the draft bases can be used when installing with the alignment of the workpiece on previously processed surfaces (checking bases). When choosing bases for cutting operations, surfaces are taken as finishing bases that provide the necessary accuracy of installation and reliability of fastening in the absence of deformations that affect the accuracy of processing.
To ensure the constancy of the position of the workpiece achieved during basing, it is necessary:
in accordance with the adopted basing scheme, provide a fastening that creates continuity of contact between the workpiece and the supports of the fixture during the operation;
reduce contact deformations by establishing and maintaining during processing the necessary requirements for the accuracy of the geometric shape and surface roughness of the bases of the workpiece and fixture;
select the points of application of forces in such a way that the line of their action passes through the reference points;
establish the sequence of application of clamping forces so as not to cause a change in the position of the workpiece during clamping.
Distinguish between fixed and movable supports. The fixed support of the fixture (setting pin, base plate, etc.), as well as the support that is forcibly moved when fixing and centering the workpiece (chuck jaw, back center of the glass, etc.), deprives the workpiece of one, two, three and four degrees of freedom. Movable support - a supplied or self-adjusting support of a device, designed to increase the rigidity of the installation (lunette, etc.), but not depriving it of degrees of freedom. A prismatic fixed support deprives the workpiece of two (for a short prism) or four (for a long or composite prism) degrees of freedom. A prismatic movable support deprives the workpiece of one degree of freedom, excluding its movement along an axis perpendicular to the plane of symmetry of the prism.
Tables 2.7 and 2.8 show the designations of supports and clamps when depicting installation diagrams on the FE (GOST 3.1107), and in table 2.9 - examples of applying supports, clamps and installed devices on the diagrams. Wherein
clamps have the following designations: pneumatic - P, hydraulic
Table 2.9 - Examples of designations for supports, clamps and mounting devices in diagrams
The number of points of application of the clamp to the part is recorded to the right of the clamp designation. On diagrams that have several projections, it is allowed not to indicate the designations of supports and clamps relative to the part on separate projections, if their position is unambiguously determined on one projection.
Several symbols of the same name supports in each view can be replaced by one.
To ensure the anchoring force applied at the point of support, a combination of the image of the force and the support is used. The designations of the reference points are applied in the front view - on the contour line depicting the surface of the workpiece taken as the base; in top view - inside the contour of the workpiece. When installing the workpiece on the machine, with alignment according to the markup, the installation diagram shows the position of the markup line in combination with the image of the reference points. It is necessary to strive to ensure that the design, technological and measurement bases coincide, as this significantly increases the accuracy of processing.
2.4 Space-planning and design solutions for buildings and structures of technical service enterprises
General requirements for the planning of technical service enterprises
The layout of a technical service enterprise should be understood as the layout and relative location of production, storage and administrative premises in terms of a building or separate buildings intended for the repair, maintenance and storage of machines on the territory of the enterprise.
The development of a planning solution for a technical service enterprise is a rather difficult task. This complexity is due to the need for mutual linkage of elements of production, storage and other units, the dimensions of which are determined as a result of technological calculation with the accepted technological process and organization of production, taking into account the requirements for organizing traffic, climatic conditions, construction, fire, sanitary and hygienic requirements, requirements for environmental protection, etc.
The basis for the development of planning solutions for a technical service enterprise are the following technological requirements: the relative location of zones and sections must correspond to the technological process; the constructive scheme of the building and the location of production units in it should provide the possibility of changing technological processes in the future and expanding production without a significant restructuring of the building.
When laying out production and storage facilities in the production building, its location on the master plan is taken into account to determine the direction of entrances to and exits from the building in accordance with the organization of the movement of vehicles on the territory of the enterprise, as well as the direction of the prevailing winds (according to the annual wind rose) for proper placement on master plan for fire and explosion hazardous and harmful to human health industries.
2.4.2 General plan of the technical service enterprise
The master plan is a plan of a land plot allocated for development, oriented relative to the cardinal points, with the image of buildings, structures, storage areas, traffic roads on the territory of the site in accordance with the layout plan of the area with green spaces and fences applied on it.
Master plans are developed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP P-89-80.
The general plan of the enterprise, as a rule, is carried out on a scale of 1:500 or 1:1000.
The development of a master plan usually begins with the identification of a complete list of objects intended for placement on a designated site. Then determine the area and overall dimensions of each of these objects. Initially, the location of objects is planned on the site plan, taking into account the scheme of the technological process in the production buildings and the movement of the cargo flow of the entire production process. To achieve the greatest technical and economic efficiency, when developing a master plan, several variants of cargo flow schemes are compiled, as a result of which the most rational one is chosen as a result of comparison.
The main provisions that guide the development of the master plan of the enterprise are as follows.
F 3 PS - construction area of industrial and warehouse buildings, m 2;
F 3 BC - building area of auxiliary buildings, m 2;
F on - area of open areas for storage of rolling stock, m 2 ;
K 3 - building density of the territory,%.
The built-up area is defined as the total area of buildings and structures in the plan, open areas for storing machines, warehouses, sheds, reserve areas.
The built-up area does not include the area of roads, sidewalks, blind areas, green spaces, recreation and sports grounds, as well as open parking lots for cars of individual owners. The building density of the territory of the enterprise is determined by the ratio of the building area to the area of the site (K 3 = 0.30 ... 0.35).
The territory utilization coefficient is defined as the ratio of the area occupied by buildings, structures, roads, sidewalks, blind areas, recreation areas, open areas for storing cars, landscaping, to the area of the enterprise site (Ku = 0.45 ... 0.50).
The landscaping coefficient is the ratio of the area of green spaces to the area of the site of the enterprise (K 0 >= 0.15).
The values of the coefficients characterizing the quality of the master plan for enterprises and technical service units of the agro-industrial complex located in cities and in multi-storey buildings are much higher.
On the master plan drawing are placed:
master plan scheme;
explication of buildings and structures in the sequence corresponding to their serial numbers on the drawing (Table 2.10);
technical and economic indicators of the master plan (Table 2.11);
the direction of the prevailing winds (wind rose).
On the master plan drawing, images of buildings, structures, parking lots, gate fences, hard-surface sites are applied in accordance with the accepted symbols in accordance with GOST 21.108-78 (Table 2.12).
Table 2.10 - Explication of buildings and structures
Table 2.12 - Conditional graphic images and symbols on the drawings of master plans
In order to orient the land plot in relation to the direction and duration of the winds for a given period of time, on the master plans in the upper left corner outside the drawing field, an image of the wind rose is applied, which determines the cardinal points and the direction of the prevailing (dominant) winds to ensure the most favorable conditions for natural lighting and ventilation of premises, location of industrial buildings and structures. In addition, at the bottom or to the right outside the drawing field, an explication of buildings and structures and technical and economic indicators are placed.
The wind rose is a graph characterizing the wind regime in a given area based on long-term observations (Fig. 2.43). It is built for a month, a season, a year. The length of the rays of the wind rose, diverging from the center in 8 or 16 directions, is proportional to the frequency of the winds of these directions (as a percentage in each direction of the total number of observations). The ends of the rays are connected by a broken line.
Rice. 2.43. Rose of Wind
As an example, Figure 2.44 shows a master plan for a technical service facility for 130 tractors and 25 vehicles. For the purpose of further expansion and reconstruction, it is necessary to provide for reserve sites both on the territory of the enterprise and beyond. March 28, 2012Routing is the instruction to complete the task.
Technological maps, drawings, sketches, instruction cards - all this is technical documentation that describes the nature and order of the task.
The technological maps indicate the sequence of manufacturing parts, processing sketches, the tool used, the type and material of the workpiece.
The manufacturing sequence can be detailed and brief. It all depends on the complexity of the part.
Training worksheets sometimes show processing sketches (see flowsheet below).
Working on such cards, students will be able to make products more independently.
In the column "Processing sequence" indicate operations, transitions, passes.
Operation
Operation - a completed part of the technological process of processing a part, performed at one workplace by one worker or team.
For example, if a locksmith is asked to file the surface of a part with bastard and personal files and remove burrs from the ribs, this will be one operation.
The specified processing sketches show the key manufacturing process. It consists of the following operations: marking, drilling, cutting with a hacksaw, filing and others. Each technological operation includes transitions.
Transition
The transition is a part of the operation performed without changing the tool and without rearranging the workpiece being processed (on the machine, in a vice, in a fixture).
So, if the surface of the workpiece is processed first with a bastard file, and then with a personal one, filing with a bastard file is the first transition, and processing with a personal file is the second transition.
The transition, in turn, is divided into passages.
pass
A pass is a part of a transition that covers all the actions associated with removing one layer of material.
The division of the operation allows the worker to better adapt to the implementation of simple monotonous work methods and to apply special devices.
"Plumbing", I.G. Spiridonov,
G.P. Bufetov, V.G. Kopelevich
A part is a part of a machine made from a single piece of material (for example, a bolt, nut, gear, lead screw of a lathe). A node is a connection of two or more parts. The product is assembled according to assembly drawings. A drawing of such a product, which includes several nodes, is called an assembly drawing, it consists of drawings of each part or assembly and depicts an assembly unit (a drawing of a single ...
The thread on the rods is depicted along the outer diameter with solid main lines, and along the inner diameter with solid thin lines. The image of a thread on a screw shaft The main elements of a metric thread (outer and inner diameters, thread pitch, thread length and angle) you studied in the fifth grade. Some of these elements are shown in the figure, but such inscriptions are not made on the drawings. Carving in…
You are familiar with the scale designation (M), drawing projections: front, top, side views - you know the designation of the diameter (0), radius (R) of the circle, metric thread (for example, M10, M6). On working drawings, in addition to front, top, side views, it is sometimes necessary to show the internal shape of the part. The internal shapes of the disk can be shown in the views using dashed lines. Disk image a - in the figure; ...