Identification of the appraisal object is an integral stage in the work to determine the market value of machinery and equipment. In essence, identification is designed to determine those qualitative and quantitative characteristics of an object that will distinguish it from any other on the market, and will allow determining the functional purpose and, sometimes, the year of manufacture.

Such information is necessary for the appraiser to carry out work on the assessment of machinery and equipment, not only in connection with the existing requirements of federal assessment standards, but also because without it, the appraiser will not be able to correctly determine which equipment is subject to assessment.

The main sources of information identifying the equipment are the technical data sheet and the manufacturer's information plate, usually placed on the external surfaces of the equipment being evaluated.

The problem in this regard is that in practice, appraisers often face a lack of information identifying the object of assessment.

This may be due to both the lack of technical documentation and the re-equipment of equipment, as a result of which information plates may be damaged or torn off.

In such conditions, the appraiser faces a very acute question on the basis of which he identifies the object of assessment: if it is not so difficult to understand the external characteristics and dimensions, then speaking about the internal component of the equipment, it is obvious to assume that without having the appropriate knowledge in the area to which equipment, it is almost impossible to judge its characteristics.

The influence of correctly carried out identification of a machine or equipment on the application of approaches is also significant: for example, to determine the market value of equipment using the cost approach, to determine the full replacement cost, the cost of such equipment in a new condition may be required. To do this, it is imperative to have information about the main characteristics of the equipment being evaluated.

Under these conditions, a difference in power or performance within the model range is bound to take place. And this means that an analog incorrectly selected according to these characteristics can become a reason for distorting the final value of the value of the appraised object.

A similar situation can be observed in the case of using a comparative approach.

Perhaps the only one of the approaches, in the application of which significant problems with identification may not arise, is the profitable one. Even in the absence of information about the exact composition of the equipment (for example, a line), it may be possible to determine the value of this line based on the stream of income generated by it.

But, nevertheless, such cases are private, since the application of the income approach to equipment valuation is generally a controversial issue.

The above grounds indicate that the case when it is not possible to identify an item of equipment can be considered as one of the grounds for a conscientious appraiser to refuse to conduct an assessment. Since, nevertheless, an incorrectly conducted assessment of equipment is worse than not carried out at all.

ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CERTIFICATION (VNIIS) OF THE STATE STANDARD OF RUSSIA

(According to the provisions of the ISO 9000 series)

R 50-601-36-93

MOSCOW 1995

Introduction I. Field of action 2. Links 3. Terms and definitions 4. The main provisions 5. Technical (technological) provision of identification and traceability 6. Information support of identification and traceability 7. Organizational support of identification and traceability Application application List

Recommendations were developed by VNIIS in 1993. Approved by Order of VNIIS No. 63 dated May 24, 1993. Performers: Gladkov K.I., Galeev V.I., Ph.D.

INTRODUCTION

One of the most important elements of the quality system, which largely determines the effectiveness of its functioning, is the identification mechanism, which makes it possible to ensure the traceability of products throughout the entire manufacturing cycle. In accordance with the requirements of ISO 9001-87, the supplier, where necessary, shall establish and maintain methods for identifying products at all stages of production, delivery and installation. The problem of identification is multifaceted and extends, in accordance with the ideology of ISO 9000 series standards, to materials, components, finished products, documentation, instrumentation, etc. These recommendations address the issues of organizing the identification and traceability of materials, parts, assembly units, finished products in production. The proposed methodological approach can be used to organize identification at the stages of product development, installation and operation.

I. SCOPE

These recommendations contain methodological provisions for organizing identification and traceability work at an enterprise in accordance with the requirements of international standards ISO 9000 series. The recommendations are intended for use by managers and specialists of enterprises in the development or improvement of a quality system, the implementation of identification mechanisms in relation to specific production conditions, etc. . The recommendations are quite universal and can be applied in various industries.

2. LINKS

ISO 8402-86. Quality. Vocabulary. ISO 9000. General quality management and quality assurance standards. Guidelines for selection and application. GOST 40.9001-88 (ISO 9001-87). Quality system. Model for quality assurance in design and/or development, production, installation and service. GOST 40.9002-88 (ISO 9002-87). Quality system. Model for quality assurance in production and assembly. GOST 40.9003-88 (ISO 9003-87). Quality system. Model for quality assurance in final inspection and testing. ISO 9004: General quality management and elements of a quality system. Guidelines. Recommendations for the use of GOST 40.9001-88 (ISO 9001-87), GOST 40.9002-88 (ISO 9002-87), GOST 40.9003-88 (ISO 9003-87).

3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

Identification - a procedure that involves the marking and labeling of raw materials, materials, components, finished products (units, batches, etc.), as well as technical and technological documentation for them, providing traceability of the use or location of this object in order to identify possible causes of marriage manufactured products or defects in production and technological processes (Recommendations for the use of GOST 40.9001-88, GOST 40.9002-88, GOST 40.9003-88). Traceability is the ability to trace the history, use or location of a product or activity, or a similar product or activity, by means of an identification that is recorded (ISO 8402-87). Notes: 1. The term "traceability" can be used in three main meanings: a) in the implementation (delivery) refers to products or services; b) when checking - compliance of measuring equipment with national or international standards, primary standards, basic physical constants or properties; c) when collecting data - establishing links between calculations and data throughout the quality loop of products or services. 2. Traceability conditions must be established either for a certain period of time, or at the beginning of its application.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. Works on identification and traceability are carried out at all stages of the quality loop and cover all the main elements of production. 4.2. In the quality system, identification and traceability procedures should provide the ability to: determine the place and time of the appearance of a defect; determining the location of the entire volume of products with a detected defect; recall, isolation and accounting of defective products; conducting operational and systematic analysis of the causes of defects and the development of corrective actions; accounting of products for the purposes of operational management of production. 4.3. Ensuring traceability is achieved by marking the object of identification, introducing accompanying documents (route charts, accompanying coupons, etc.) or other information carriers, as well as sequential registration of data about the object of identification along the entire technological chain from the receipt of material and components to the enterprise to packaging and shipping of finished products. 4.4. Registration of data on identification objects is carried out by personnel when starting material or blanks into production, transferring parts to a warehouse or an adjacent workshop for further processing, conducting quality control of manufactured parts or assembly units, recording and isolating nonconforming products, packaging finished products, etc. “If product traceability is a well-defined requirement, then within these requirements, individual products or batches should have a single identification character. Such identification is recorded accordingly” (clause 4.8 of ISO 9001-87). 4.5. Of particular importance is the identification of products to confirm the status of control and testing. "The fact of checking materials and assemblies must be identified throughout the entire production process. Such identification can be carried out using stamps, labels, labels, inscriptions, a designation system, transport packaging units, or accompanying control cards. Such identification allows you to distinguish verified material from unverified and establish the fact of acceptance of products at this stage of verification. In addition, it also provides traceability to the next link responsible for the operation "(clause 11.7 of ISO 9004-87). "Items or batches of products suspected of being non-conforming shall be immediately identified and recorded"... (clause 14.2 of ISO 9004-87). 4.6. In the production process, the movement of two flows is carried out: material (raw materials, materials, parts, assemblies, etc. ) and informational (data on raw materials, materials, parts, assemblies, etc. on paper and other media accompanying the material flow). A necessary condition for achieving an effective traceability mechanism throughout the entire production cycle, starting with the receipt of materials and components from suppliers and ending with the shipment of finished products, is to ensure an unambiguous connection between material and information flows in the production process. This means that the information flow must be continuous throughout the entire technological chain, objectively reflect changes in products during the production process, and preserve the distinctive features of the object of identification. 4.7. Identification and traceability procedures should be "built into" the production process and linked to the enterprise's operational scheduling and scheduling system, as well as to other associated forks of production activities. 4.8. Depending on the conditions of production, identification can be either individual or batch (group). Individual identification involves marking in tracing directly each part or assembly unit using, for example, tags, labels or branding. Individual identification is typical for single or small-scale production. Batch (group) identification involves marking a set of components, blanks, parts or material either in the size of a batch, or part of it, or a set in assembly production. In this case, the technological container (metal bundle, coil, etc.) is subjected to appropriate marking, in which a strictly defined number of blanks or parts moves along the technological chain. Batch identification is typical for mass production of relatively simple products, for example, blanks or assembly production with a large range of components, for example, the production of televisions, etc. Regardless of the conditions of production, individual identification may also be subject to parts or assembly units that have, for example, a significant manufacturing cost and (or) a critical value for indicators (parameters) for the safety of final products (clause 19 of ISO 3004-87), as well as products, manufactured using special processes (clause 11.4 of ISO 9004-87). 4.9. The end-to-end nature of the identification and traceability mechanism throughout the entire production cycle is ensured by linking: methods of marking and the content of accompanying documentation for materials and components with in-plant marking and the content of accompanying documents (information carriers) of parts, assembly units, finished products; methods of intra-factory individual and (or) batch (group) identification of parts, assembly units, finished products; methods of in-plant marking and the content of accompanying documents (information carriers) with the marking of packaged and shipped products and the content of accompanying and operational documentation. 4.10. In accordance with the principles of the quality system, the procedures for identification and traceability in the enterprise should be the object of internal verification. "All elements, aspects and components of the quality system should be the subject of constant and regular internal review and evaluation. The review should provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the functioning of the various elements of the overall quality management system that ensure the implementation of the established quality objectives" (clause 5.4.1 of ISO 9004- 87). 4.11. When organizing and carrying out work on identification and traceability, one should be guided by the technical and economic feasibility of introducing one or another method of identification, taking into account the analysis of production costs for quality and "... assessing the effectiveness of the quality system in terms of economic consequences" (clause 6.1 of ISO 9004- 87). 4.12. The set of works on the development and implementation of identification and traceability procedures at the enterprise includes the following interrelated areas: technical (technological) support (see section 5); information support (see section 6); organizational support (see section 7). 4.13. Procedures for product identification and traceability shall be documented. At the same time, such procedures can be regulated both in documents on various elements of the quality system, and also summarized in special documents. 4.14. When upgrading products or changing the technological processes for their manufacture, the current identification and traceability procedures must be adapted (adapted) to new production conditions and types of products.

5. TECHNICAL (TECHNOLOGICAL) SUPPORT OF IDENTIFICATION AND Traceability

5.1. The complex of works on the technical (technological) support of identifications and traceability at the enterprise includes the development of marking technology in relation to specific identification objects, the introduction and maintenance of technical means and marking processes under controlled conditions. The composition of technical support tasks is shown in Figure 1. 5.2. Marking is the process of applying relevant information to an identification object in the form of a set of signs, codes, symbols, etc., reflecting the distinguishing features of a material, part or product, and allowing for traceability. Marking as a result of marking is divided into verbal (word, letter, number, symbol), pictorial (drawing, figure, etc.), spatial (embossed image) and combined. One of the types of marking is the attachment to the material or part of specially made plates, tags, nameplates, on which information is applied that characterizes the material or part. Marking methods should be part of the technological process of manufacturing products and be regulated in the relevant technical documentation. 5.3. Solving the problems of technical (technological) support is carried out taking into account the following factors: the type and nature of production; type of products; dimensions, configuration and physico-chemical properties of the materials used in the product; the level of organization of production, incl. degree of automation and mechanization of technological processes; features and amount of applied information to ensure traceability; possibilities of using standardized technical means; cost-effectiveness in terms of quality costs.

5.4. Methods for marking objects of identification (mechanical, physical-chemical, electrophysical, etc.) should not worsen the quality indicators of the material, part, assembly unit, finished product. 5.5. As elements of the technological process of manufacturing products, marking methods should be the object of operational control using various forms of periodic, volatile, inspection control. 5.6. The technical means used for the selected marking method (stamps, hallmarks, etc.) must be maintained in working condition and stored in conditions that exclude the possibility of their uncontrolled use by personnel. It is necessary to clearly define the circle of officials who have access to these funds and exercise control over their use. 5.7. When developing a technology for the use of certain marking methods, for example, electrochemical, radioactive, ultrasonic, adhesive and some others, it is necessary to ensure that the methods used comply with the requirements of industrial hygiene and safety. 5.8. Documented labeling methods must be strictly observed during the production cycle of product manufacturing. It is necessary to create conditions that prevent the possibility of arbitrarily changing the established marking methods by personnel without the consent of the quality control department, analyzing the possible consequences of using other marking methods and making unapproved changes to the current technical documentation and identification and traceability procedures. 5.9. Marking in the form of a set of signs, symbols that characterize the product through tags, labels, hallmarks, etc. must be accessible for use by personnel, easy to read and not to allow ambiguous understanding; eliminate the possibility of falsification (fake) and remain in the process of production, isolation, storage and packaging of products. 5.10. Personnel involved in the work on identification to traceability must be trained in the technology of using the selected marking methods, know the decoding of the ciphers, codes and symbols used in the identification process.

6. INFORMATION SUPPORT FOR IDENTIFICATION AND Traceability

6.1. Information support for identification and traceability includes the development and implementation of information forms (accompanying documents and other media), information flow schemes and information registration points, as well as procedures for processing, systematizing, storing and implementing data on identification objects, including machine methods of information processing. The scope of work on information support is shown in Figure 2. 6.2. The type, composition and content of information carriers for identification and traceability in each individual case are determined by the chosen method of identification and the method of marking the material, parts, product in the production process and the specifics of a particular product. In these guidelines, practical issues of identification and traceability are considered using the example of the use of accompanying documents, the use of which in an enterprise is not associated with high costs. In addition to paper media, the enterprise can use metal or plastic tags, various labels, punched cards, etc. The following types of accompanying documents reflect a methodical approach to the organization of work on identification at the enterprise, taking into account the accumulated experience in organizing production. 6.3. The accompanying documentation used for the purposes of identification and traceability must be targeted and satisfy the principle of information sufficiency, ensure the continuity of identification processes; must be available and stored throughout the entire technological chain, have a certain level of approval at the enterprise. 6.3.1. Targeting consists in a clear and unambiguous regulation in the documents of sources and consumers of accompanying documents (information) - warehouse, workshop, site, performer.

6.3.2. Information sufficiency consists in the most complete reflection in the accompanying information forms of such characteristic features (characteristics) of the object of identification (material, part, product), which would make it possible to unambiguously identify the object on a specific technological route, and when transferring data to subsequent information forms, ensure traceability according to the entire technological chain. 6.3.3. The continuity of subsequent and previous accompanying documents in the identification process means that the main data from previous forms must be transferred to subsequent ones in order to preserve the distinctive characteristics of the objects of identification in the implementation of traceability. The inclusion of redundant information leads to "heavier" information forms and an increase in labor costs for their processing. At the same time, insufficient information can lead to ambiguous results, which may affect, for example, the effectiveness of work on the analysis of the causes of defects. 6.3.4. The availability of accompanying documents consists in ensuring free access of responsible persons and personnel to accompanying documents, free possession of methods for filling out, processing, recording, storing these documents in the production process. 6.3.5. The preservation of accompanying documents consists in ensuring the conditions for their preservation during the production process along the entire technological chain and organizing the storage of documents for a certain period of time in a specially designated place (in a warehouse, in a workshop, etc.). 6.3.6. Accompanying documents (information forms and media) must have a clearly defined status, enshrined in the technical documentation. 6.4. The following documents can be used for identification in traceability at machine-building and instrument-making enterprises: an accompanying coupon designed to issue all materials from the central warehouse to the shop warehouses of the procurement and machine shops (form 1); a route sheet designed to indicate the composition and sequence of operations in the procurement and machine shops along the route for the manufacture of parts (form 2); an accompanying coupon intended for the delivery of all finished parts to the warehouse of finished parts (form 3); an accompanying sheet intended to indicate the composition and sequence of operations performed along the route for processing parts and manufacturing assembly units (form 4); technological passport, designed to indicate the sequence and content of operations performed in the manufacture of the product, including operational and acceptance control (form 5). 6.4.1. Accompanying coupon 1 is intended for the issuance of all materials from the central warehouse and their receipt in the material warehouses of the workshops. Accompanying coupon 1 contains the following details; name of the material; brand; the consignment; the size; number; control card number; characteristics of the material with an indication of the expiration date; surname of the responsible person (storekeeper); receipt date; period and place of storage. On the accompanying coupon 1, an inspector's visa must be provided, confirming the quality of the materials. The procedure for using the accompanying coupon and other documents is set out in the Appendix. 6.4.2. The route sheet is drawn up for all parts manufactured in the mechanical and procurement workshops. From the accompanying coupon 1, the following basic data are entered into the route sheet: name of the material; brand; lot number; the name of detail; part designation; product name; name of operations; FULL NAME. worker; mark of the quality control department on the acceptance of parts; mark of the Quality Control Department on the acceptance of batches of parts. 6.4.3. Accompanying coupon 2 contains the following details. Full name of the performer; product type; the name of detail; detail number; number of details; name of the material; brand of material; lot number; itinerary number; parameters (dimensions) according to GOST (TU); the number of suitable parts; the number of defective parts; FULL NAME. OTC worker. The main data of the accompanying ticket 2 are written out from the previous route sheet. 6.4.4. An accompanying sheet is drawn up for all parts and assembly units. It indicates the status of control and data on the quality of operations performed. The accompanying sheet is filled out on the basis of the accompanying coupon 2 and contains the following basic details: name of the material; name, designation, part number; name, designation, assembly unit number; name of operations; FULL NAME. performers; the number of details presented by the Quality Control Department; the number of parts accepted by the QCD; mark (stamp) OTK. 6.4.5. The technological passport is intended to indicate the sequence and content of operations performed in the manufacture of the product, including operational and acceptance control. The technological passport is an accompanying document for the entire technological route of manufacturing the product specified in it. In general, the form of the technological passport contains: name, designation, assembly unit number; name, product code; cover sheet number; the name of the assembly operations; F. AND ABOUT. performers; mark (stamp) OTK. 6.5. The development of schemes of information flows and points of registration of information about objects of identification is carried out on the basis of technological routes for manufacturing products, existing schemes and points of technical control, taking into account the specifics and complexity of the control operation and methods of processing information. 6.6. Procedures for processing, systematization, storage and implementation of information about objects of identification must be consistent with the procedures in force at the enterprise for data registration. Organizational and methodological issues of organizing work on data registration at the enterprise are set out in the recommendations of VNIIS "Quality system. Registration of quality data (in accordance with the provisions of the ISO 9000 series standards)".

7. ORGANIZATIONAL MAINTENANCE OF IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY

7.1. Organizational support of identification and traceability at the enterprise includes the establishment of functional tasks and responsibilities of departments and official positions of the enterprise, the development and documentation of identification and traceability procedures, personnel training and internal audits of the effectiveness of existing procedures. The composition of the main work on organizational support is shown in Figure 3. 7.2. Planning and organization of work at the enterprise for identification and traceability are carried out sequentially in the complex of work to ensure product quality and cover all stages (stages) of the quality loop. 7.3. At the marketing stage in the quality system, the marketing service solves the following main tasks: - preparation of proposals for the identification of new products, based on market requirements, in a brief description of the product (TOR, technical proposal) "The brief description of the product contains the requirements and wishes of the consumer in the form of a preliminary list of technical conditions that will serve as the basis for the implementation of subsequent design work "(clause 7.2 of ISO 9004-87); - preparation of proposals for updating the requirements for methods for identifying manufactured (modernized) products based on the results of an analysis of market needs and competitiveness of products; - preparation of proposals for the use of identification to identify, recall and isolate defective products at the stages of implementation and operation.

7.4. At the stage of design and development of products, design and technological services carry out: - development of requirements for the use of individual or batch (group) identification of materials, components, parts, assembly units, finished products, based on the specifics and nature of products and production; - development of requirements for marking methods and the composition of accompanying documents; - preparation of proposals for the nomenclature of the most critical parts, assembly units subject to individual identification; - conducting a feasibility study for the application of identification methods. 7.5. At the stage of logistics, the MTS service carries out: - determination of the optimal sizes of batches of materials and components and schedules for their delivery in terms of terms and volumes for the purpose of identification and traceability when they are put into production; - coordination with suppliers of identification methods, methods of marking materials and components, as well as the composition and content of accompanying documentation; - establishing the procedure for warehousing, storage and issuance of materials and components for production, incl. for products with a limited shelf life and use; - development and systematic control, together with the Quality Control Department, of the implementation of procedures for identifying incoming material and components throughout the entire technological chain, as well as procedures for identifying non-conforming products (during incoming control), its storage and isolation; - development of forms of accompanying documents or other information carriers in accordance with the accepted methods and methods of identification and traceability at the enterprise; - ensuring, together with other departments, the linkage and continuity between the marking of materials and components and entries in the accompanying documentation with technological marking and entries in internal information media; - organization of accounting, systematization, storage and use of data on the identification of materials, components and accompanying documents. 7.6. At the stage of preparation for the development of production processes, technological services, together with production units, carry out: - development of an identification scheme; - development and verification in experimental production of practical methods and methods of identification, materials and components when starting the production of parts, assemblies, finished products, in the production process; - development of optimal interdepartmental routes and technological containers, taking into account the requirements of identification; - development and coordination with the interested services of the enterprise (OMTS, Quality Control Department, CDP, PDO, etc. ) technological processes of identification and traceability, forms of accompanying documents, requirements for accounting, systematization and processing of data on identification, use of computer equipment, etc.; - regulation of the proven technology of identification and traceability in the regulatory, technical and methodological documentation; - training of personnel in the ways and methods of identification, carried out by the personnel training service; - preparation of proposals on the terms of storage of information on materials, components, finished products in the process of identification. 7.7. At the stage of production, the production units carry out: - ensuring the stable functioning of the adopted identification and traceability scheme and monitoring compliance with established procedures; - adjustment of the accepted methods of identification and the composition of accompanying documentation based on the results of data on product quality, analysis of the causes of defects and failures, analysis of quality costs, proposals from divisions and services of the enterprise, etc.; - ensuring the continuity of the adopted identification and traceability scheme when making changes to the current technical documentation; - introduction of automated data processing tools for identification in the production process. 7.8. At the stage of control and testing, the QCD service, together with production departments, carries out: - identification of products that have passed control along the entire technological chain; - identification of non-conforming products (parts, assemblies, assembly units, etc.) with subsequent isolation; - control of the design and clear recording of information in the accompanying documentation on inspection and testing procedures. 7.9. At the stages of loading and unloading operations, packaging, storage and delivery, the following is carried out: - marking, labeling of shipped products; - identification of products with a limited shelf life; - ensuring a clear order of warehousing and shipment of products with a limited shelf life or requiring special protection during transportation and storage; - ensuring an unambiguous connection between technological marking and records in internal information carriers with marking of packaged and shipped products and records in accompanying and operational documentation. 7.10. When organizing internal verification of the effectiveness of identification and traceability procedures, it is recommended to use the VNIIS methodological document "Recommendations. Internal verification of the quality system at the enterprise". 7.11. The Appendix contains the procedure for organizing work on identification and traceability using the example of a machine-building enterprise. The composition and sequence of typical works that form the basis of the identification procedure can be used by an enterprise with a discrete nature of production.

APPENDIX

PROCEDURE FOR ORGANIZING WORK ON IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY OF MATERIALS, COMPONENTS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS (BY THE EXAMPLE OF A MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISE)

1. Materials and components arriving at the enterprise, immediately before storage or sending them for incoming control, must be subjected to a preliminary check of the compliance of the accompanying documentation, marking methods (tags, labels, etc.), appearance with the requirements that were agreed with the supplier . The following are checked: the availability of the necessary documentation, for example, certificates for metals, the compliance of the methods of transportation and packaging with the established requirements, the legibility or availability of the identification methods used, as well as their safety during transportation, etc. When carrying out subsequent loading and unloading operations, warehousing and storage, it is necessary to ensure: the safety of labels, tags and other marking methods, their availability for warehouse workers; clear distribution by lots, as well as sizes, brands, types, etc., eliminating the possibility of accidentally using materials or components from other lots; sequential placement of materials and components depending on the periods of storage and use. To ensure these requirements in warehouses, methods of marking or coding of racks, cells, special containers, etc. should be unambiguously understood by the staff. The procedures for loading and unloading operations, warehousing, storage of materials and components must be clearly regulated in the documentation, providing training and instruction for personnel. Materials and components entering the input control are checked for compliance with the established requirements, while identification and isolation of defective products is carried out. Actions with nonconforming products that have not passed the input control should be regulated by documentation agreed with the supplier and current legislation. When materials and components are delivered, for example, from the central warehouse to the material warehouses of the workshops for launching into production, the warehouse storekeeper writes out an accompanying ticket No. 1, which is endorsed by the Quality Control Department employee. When sending a batch of material, for example, to a procurement workshop, the accompanying coupon is stored in the workshop (or in the workshop warehouse), and the shelf life is determined both by the time of full use of this batch and by the warranty periods of the products themselves. documentation. Materials and components in workshop storerooms should be laid out separately according to measurements, sizes, batches in such a way that the marking and accompanying coupons attached to them are available for inspection. 2. When issuing materials or components from the workshop and workshop warehouses, the storekeeper writes out a route sheet (form No. 2) with the obligatory indication of all the data of the accompanying coupon in it, followed by registration in the journal. When starting a material for processing, it is prohibited: - to manufacture batches of blanks or parts from material from different batches; - write out one route sheet for blanks made from material of different or unknown batch numbers of the material. The storekeeper, after reporting on the number of blanks (parts) manufactured and accepted by the QCD, specified in the route sheets, describes the route sheets and stores them in the pantry of the workshop in the prescribed manner (by product, year, month). Further movement of blanks and parts accepted by the quality control department along the technological chain within the workshop is carried out with a drawn up route sheet indicating the route in accordance with the current documentation. 3. Before the release of finished parts from the workshop, the responsible person, on the basis of the route sheet, writes out an accompanying coupon No. 2 (form No. 3) with the obligatory completion of all columns and then delivers the parts to the warehouse of finished parts (SRS). The movement of blanks, parts in workshops and between workshops must be carried out along optimal workshop and inter-shop routes and always in a technological container with the preservation of accompanying documentation (route sheet, accompanying coupon No. 2) in an accurate form and in strict observance of the rules for issuing accompanying documentation. Accompanying coupons No. 2 are stored at the SRS for a specified time. 4. The issuance of parts from the SRS to the shops is carried out with an accompanying sheet (form 4) with the obligatory filling in of all columns on the basis of an accompanying coupon No. 2. Further processing and movement of parts and assembly units in the workshops is carried out with an accompanying sheet, with which they arrived from the SRS. The issuance of materials and components from shop pantries and parts from the State Revenue Service should be carried out in the order of their receipt at the warehouse. In case of splitting a batch of parts or assembly units, when sent for further processing, a duplicate of the accompanying sheet is issued for each separated batch, in which all the details from the header of the main accompanying sheet and the name of the last technological operation (to determine the shelf life) must be rewritten. The following data is recorded in the duplicate of the accompanying sheet: - the number of parts or assembly units in the separated batch in pieces; - date of; - F. AND ABOUT. and the signature of the person who sent the shipment. When parts and assembly units are sent for further processing, the picker of the division from which the batch is issued enters the processing route on the accompanying sheet based on route maps. Accompanying sheets for assembly units after performing operations on which the assembly unit entered the product, the performer of the operation shall deposit it with the production and dispatching office. 5. Accompanying sheets for the most important assembly units after performing the operation on which the assembly units entered the product, the performer of the operation puts it in the technological passport (form No. 5) and transfers it to the next assembly operations. When assembling products, the technological passport serves as an accompanying document for the entire technological route of manufacturing products specified in it. A technological passport is issued for each product, in addition, it can be issued for assembly units with a complex technological manufacturing route. The technological passport is filled in by the foreman of the section where the first operation is performed. The list of operations to be included in the technological passport is determined by the lead technologist and agreed with the QCD. After assembling the product, the performer stitches all the accompanying sheets included in the passport, affixes the number of the passport to which the accompanying sheets refer, and submits them to the CSD for accounting and storage. After acceptance and packaging of the product, the control foreman submits a fully completed technological passport to the person responsible for accounting and storing passports, who registers it in the journal. The shelf life of the technological passport and accompanying sheets are set depending on the specifics of the products.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Quality systems. Collection of regulatory and methodological documents M., publishing house of standards, 1989 2. International standards. Product quality management. ISO 9000 - ISO 9004, ISO 8402. M., Standards Publishing House, 1988 3. R 50-601-27-92. Recommendations. Formation, implementation and updating of the company's policy in the field of quality. M., VNIIS, 1991 4. R 50-601-29-92. Recommendations. Internal verification of the quality system at the enterprise, M., VNIIS, 1992 5. R 50-601-30-92. Recommendations. Organization at the enterprise of work to ensure the stability of the quality of manufacturing products (in accordance with the provisions of the ISO 9000 series) (scope of work), M., VNIIS, 1992 6. Recommendations. Quality system. Registration of quality data (in accordance with the provisions of the ISO 9000 series). M., VNIIS, 1992

INFORMATION DATA

Developed by the All-Russian Research Institute of CertificationIntroduced for the first time Performers: Gladkov K.I., Galeev V.I., Ph.D.

Quite often, in order to correctly order spare parts or determine the parameters of equipment, it is necessary to be able to "read nameplates".

1. Equipment of the company SIREM (France). To identify and order pumping equipment, in most cases it is enough to indicate the marking (PRODUCT TYPE)

2. Quite often there are situations when farms lose the measuring ruler from the tank (which determines the amount of milk) or the calibration table. And sometimes it happens - both. To order a ruler or table, or get any information on this tank, you must provide the following information: manufacturer's name, tank model, its volume, serial number, year of manufacture.

3. Most drain/water valves have a silver sticker on the coil. This nameplate contains the most important information about the product, such as the electrical voltage and operating pressure range within which the valve operates.

The lower left corner of the sticker contains a five-digit inscription, which is the identification number of the valve. This inscription is a complete description of this product.

In some cases, it is possible to place additional information on a second sticker, which is also on the coil or clip. This nameplate informs about the changes made to the modification of this valve.

4. When the compressor unit fails, it becomes necessary to order exactly the same new one, or choose an analogue from those on the market. In order to do this, you must send the supplier information on the unit. This information is indicated on the nameplate.

5. To select mechanical seals and accessories for Packo (Belgium) pumps, you need to know the marking that is indicated on the nameplate of the non-susceptor (not to be confused with the nameplate of the pump motor). To determine the basic parameters of the pump and spare parts, you must provide the type (TYPE) of the pump. If there is a need for more detailed information, then you must additionally provide the code (Mat.code), serial number (S / n) and year of manufacture (Year)

After carrying out all the work on the input control, the equipment is assigned an inventory number.

The person responsible for the equipment and metrological support of the IL registers each unit of SI in the Journal of Registration of Measuring Instruments.

A system has been created in IL identification equipment. Each piece of equipment and each set of similar pieces of equipment is subject to identification. Each piece of equipment has a name, inventory and serial numbers.

All work on identification is carried out by the person responsible for the equipment and metrological support of the testing laboratory.

Equipment that is not in working order is labeled "do not use", excluding its use in work. If possible, this equipment is removed from the workplace.

Small equipment (thermometers, stopwatches) are stored in separate packages (boxes) and the sticker is attached directly to the cases.

Equipment Registration

aim registration equipment data is to ensure identification, traceability and proper control of it.

Each piece of equipment has an individual card, which indicates:

· Name;

factory and inventory numbers;

year of manufacture and commissioning;

data on verification/attestation;

data on maintenance, repair, conservation.

Equipment operation

All equipment comes with operating instructions.

Before the start of operation of the newly commissioned equipment, the laboratory responsible for labor protection instructs the performers on the safe operation of the equipment. The results of the briefing are recorded in the Logbook of the briefing at the workplace.

In order to ensure safety, standards and RMs are used in accordance with work instructions and passports.

Employees carry out transportation, operation and storage of equipment in strict accordance with the manuals and operating instructions. Operational documentation is stored in free access in electronic form and in special folders "Equipment" and can be issued to any employee of the IL, against signature in the Journal for issuing copies of internal and external documents.

SI are stored in the IL room in a special cabinet. Instruments that are not in use should, if possible, be packed and sealed.

The issuance (assignment of responsibility) of measuring instruments to IL employees is carried out by those responsible for the equipment and metrological support of the IL against signature in the Journal of issuance of measuring instruments. The basis for the issuance is the oral instruction of the Head of the testing laboratory in accordance with the Document Management.

Upon issuance and subsequent acceptance of SI, the following is checked:

working capacity;

no visible mechanical damage;

Completeness in accordance with operational documentation.

Storage of chemicals and reagent solutions

All reagents and materials are stored in special cabinets.

The personnel of the testing laboratory are familiar with the safe rules for working with reagents, trained in the methods of transportation (transfer) and bottling of liquid aggressive reagents, methods of neutralizing reagents in case of contact with the skin, eyes, methods and rules for collection and disposal in case of accidental bottling. Responsibility for this procedure lies with the IL responsible for labor protection.

All reagent solutions are stored in dark glass jars, alkali solutions in plastic jars. Each jar is provided with a label indicating the name of the solution, its concentration, the date of preparation and the expiration date of the solution, in accordance with the current ND.

If the guaranteed storage period is not specified in the solution preparation method, then it is determined in accordance with GOST 4212-76 or other ND.

If during the storage of the solution before its use turbidity, flakes, sediment, discoloration are found, the solution is replaced with a freshly prepared one.

Expired reagents can be tested for suitability. The test results are recorded in the Expired Reagent Validation Log.

After the expiration date of the reagent and an unsatisfactory test for suitability, it is disposed of in compliance with safety requirements.

Distilled water obtained in the IL is checked for compliance with GOST 6709-72. Each batch of distilled water is checked for pH and specific electrical conductivity. The analysis of indicators that may affect the quality of the analysis results is carried out after the maintenance of the distiller (once a year) or after repair.

The results of the distilled water quality test are recorded in the Distilled Water Quality Record Book.

Accounting for microclimate parameters in the laboratory is carried out daily, the results of observations are recorded in the Journal of measurements of microclimate parameters and the electrical network in the laboratory premises.

In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 1998 No. 381 “On Approval of the List of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Their Precursors Subject to Control in the Russian Federation”, a list of precursors has been drawn up. Precursors are stored in a metal safe. Control over storage and use is the responsibility of the chemical engineer. Precursors are recorded in the Register of Transactions Related to the Circulation of Precursors of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

Metrological support

Metrological support of IL consists of:

- verification of measuring instruments;

‒ attestation of the IE;

– internal calibration;

- Maintenance;

‒ checking the technical characteristics of the VO.

SI verification

Verification subject to SI subject to state control and supervision (in accordance with Article 1, Part 3 of the Federal Law of June 26, 2008 No. 102-FZ).

In accordance with the established procedure, the person responsible for the equipment and metrological support of the testing laboratory draws up a verification (certification) schedule and approves it with the Director of Ecotrud LLC.

To carry out the verification of large-sized measuring instruments, as well as measuring instruments that require special conditions or installations, specialists from verification organizations go to the testing laboratory. All necessary conditions are created for them.

In the event that the methods of verification and external calibration of MI provide for the presence of special conditions or settings, these copies of MI for verification are transported to a verification organization. To do this, each copy of the measuring instrument is carefully packed in accordance with the requirements of the technical documentation for this type of measuring instrument.

For transportation of measuring instruments, transport of measuring instruments is used, and the employee responsible for the equipment and metrological support of measuring instruments is issued a certificate of the last verification and the necessary technical documentation for a copy of measuring instruments.

After verification and receipt of certificates, all entries in verification certificates, notices of unsuitability and impressions of verification marks are carefully checked. The presence of verification protocols, external calibration is also controlled. The traceability data entered into the documentation based on the verification results is checked.

The final stage of the procedure for organizing verification is the following actions:

return of measuring instruments and related technical documentation to the designated places of use;

replacement of obsolete certificates of verification with newly received ones, with the transfer to the archive of previous certificates (or copies);

Entering registration data into the equipment card and verification schedule.

If the measuring instrument is recognized as unsuitable for use, this piece of equipment is provided with an appropriate marking that excludes its use and, if possible, is isolated. After bringing the equipment into working condition, the procedure for organizing verification of measuring instruments is repeated.

IO certification

IO certification can be primary and periodic. The program and methodology for primary and periodic certification are submitted by the IO supplier with technical documentation.

The certification of the IE is carried out by a competent organization that has the necessary equipment. The certification of the IE is carried out in accordance with the verification (certification) schedule. Based on the results of the certification, a protocol is drawn up and, if the result is positive, a certificate is issued.

The final stage of the certification organization procedure is the following actions:

return of the IO and related technical documentation to the designated storage/operation locations. If the IE is recognized as unsuitable for use, this instance is provided with an appropriate marking that excludes its use, and the IO is isolated if possible. After bringing the IO into working condition, the certification organization procedure is repeated;

Replacing obsolete certificates with newly obtained ones;

Entering registration data into the card for equipment and schedule verification (certification).

An external examination for the purpose of identification is a mandatory procedure, especially for a single assessment. In some cases, it becomes necessary not only to visually inspect the object, but also to check the actual completeness of the tool, fixtures, equipment and inventory. Make sure it works and works.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 3
Chapter 1. Market features and classification of machines and equipment for various purposes………………………………………………………………………………………….
4
1.1. Peculiarities of the Machinery and Equipment Market…………………………………………………. four
1.2. Classification of machines and equipment……………………………………………………………. 7
Chapter 2. Identification of machines and equipment for various purposes .. 13
2.1. Grouping and identification of machines and equipment……………………………….. 13
2.2. Stages identification………………………………………………………………………………………. fourteen
2.3. Features of identification of process equipment………………….. 15
2.4. Requirements for the identification of an object in the assessment of machinery and equipment 18
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
List of used literature………………………………………………………………………… 21

The work contains 1 file

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
FGBOU VPO

"NIZHNY NOVGOROD STATE UNIVERSITY

them. N.I. LOBACHEVSKY"

Finance Department

TEST

(8th semester)

By discipline:

"Evaluation of the property of the organization"

“Identification of machines and equipment for various purposes. Principles of identification.»

Performed:

4th year student, group 13Н41

correspondence department,

specialty "Taxes and

taxation"

Kanunova N.V.

Checked:

Golovilova A.

______________________________ ______

Nizhny Novgorod

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Chapter 1. Market features and classification of machines and equipment for various purposes…………………………………………………………………………………………….
1.1. Peculiarities of the Machinery and Equipment Market…………………………………………………….
1.2. Classification of machinery and equipment…………………………………………………………….
Chapter 2. Identification of machines and equipment for various purposes ..
2.1. Grouping and identification of machines and equipment………………………………..
2.2. Stages identification…………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.3. Features of identification of process equipment…………………..
2.4. Requirements for the identification of an object in the assessment of machinery and equipment
Conclusion…………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………
Bibliography…………………………………………………… …………………

Introduction.

Identification of machines and equipment is understood as the establishment of conformity of specific machines and equipment to a sample or their description, which can be used as national standards, specifications and drawings, specifications, operational documentation.

Before proceeding directly to the assessment, it is necessary to form an array of objects to be assessed, then collect primary information from documents on these objects and conduct an external examination and identification of objects.

The first task of external inspection is the identification of objects of assessment. Identification in a broad sense is the establishment of identity between an object that actually exists and the description of an object that is given in an official document for this object.

Identification of objects of assessment means, firstly, compiling or clarifying a list of items of equipment, machines and vehicles to be assessed according to their actual presence, i.e. carrying out, as it were, a kind of inventory, and secondly, checking and bringing into line with the real state of accounting and technical documentation for the objects being evaluated.

An external examination for the purpose of identification is a mandatory procedure, especially for a single assessment. In some cases, it becomes necessary not only to visually inspect the object, but also to check the actual completeness of the tool, fixtures, equipment and inventory. Make sure that the object is working and operational readiness by trial switching it on, check some of its characteristics in the switched on state.

Sometimes, in order to save time, an external inspection is combined with an examination of the physical condition of the object. As a result of such an examination, additional information about the object is obtained, which is necessary for a more accurate calculation of the cost.

Chapter 1. Features of the market and classification of machines and equipment for various purposes.

1.1. Features of the market of machines and equipment.

Today's active market for machinery and equipment is broadly structured, each group of equipment has its own sector. A significant part of machinery and equipment, due to its specifics or the specifics of the production in which it is employed, has a limited open market. The market for machinery and equipment is characterized by a constant change in the situation, which is determined by the systematic renewal of engineering products and the release of more advanced equipment to replace obsolete ones. Equipment and machinery owned by enterprises are classified as fixed assets, used in the production of certain products (works, services) for a long period in kind as a means of production.

Machinery and equipment, like movable property, are the most common commodity in the asset market. With the development of the market, a need has arisen for assessing the market value of technical means. Valuation of the market value of machinery and equipment requires a clear identification of the objects of assessment. Identification consists in identifying the technical characteristics and properties of the objects of assessment with their assignment to a certain class of fixed assets in accordance with generally accepted classifiers. Due to the large number and variety of machines and equipment, the identification stage, especially when assessing large massifs, is one of the most responsible and time-consuming in the assessment process.

The following features of the assessment of machinery and equipment (hereinafter MO) can be distinguished:

Variety of names, types, modifications of MO - only industry lists number hundreds of thousands of items and, accordingly, the number of MO manufacturers is also large, which leads to a wide range of prices for the same product;

Technological progress not only changes the manufacturing technology and type of MO, but also their functional purpose. Functional obsolescence has a tendency of accelerated growth, from time to time there are technical revolutions that lead to a radical change in consumer priorities;

Identification and localization of the cash flow attributable to MO, as an integral part of the business, is often difficult due to the complex structure of production.

The consequences of these features are:

Multi-variant execution of MO with the same functional purpose;

A large range of constituent elements of products (parts, assemblies).

Large database for automated evaluation;

Low convergence of results in determining the average price level;

Relatively short product life cycle and the impact of its stages on pricing;

Dynamic and radical change in value over time;

Impact on the valuation of associated costs (transportation, customs duties, installation, commissioning, repairs, spare parts, etc.);

Significant costs for maintaining the relevance of the information database;

The problem of accuracy and interchangeability of spare parts during repairs;

Large differences between analogues of imported and domestic production;

The relationship between MO in the production cycle;

Difficulty in forecasting cash flows;

The need to take into account the requirements of ecology and safety in operation.

The production of MO is strictly regulated by GOSTs, technical specifications and other regulatory and technical documents.

The combination of features and differences in the assessment of MO determines the priorities in the choice of assessment methods in terms of obtaining the most reliable result:

1. With regard to machinery and equipment, this property is movable, and when assessing the land or territorial factor, it practically does not play a role, but at the same time, another circle of factors becomes important (technical excellence, reliability and quality, degree of deterioration, obsolescence, brand manufacturer, etc.).

2. When evaluating machinery and equipment, the problem of identifying the objects of evaluation is very acute. The task of identifying such objects is much more difficult than when evaluating real estate.

3. The number of objects being evaluated at only one enterprise can reach tens of thousands of units of the most diverse equipment in terms of purpose, design and characteristics. At the same time, the appraiser of machinery and equipment often encounters difficulties in distinguishing between both pieces of equipment and objects related to other types of enterprise assets. In most cases, however, there are no problems. However, there are such objects that are so thoroughly associated with a building or structure that it is possible with equal right to attribute them to both real estate and equipment. For example: ventilation, heating and lighting systems in buildings are essentially equipment, but they are real estate. Their cost is an integral part of the cost of the building. An elevator in a building, its cabin, drive and control are equipment, and an elevator shaft is a structure and does not apply to equipment. On the other hand, machinery and equipment as components of fixed assets must be distinguished from low-value and wearing items that are classified as working capital. These are means of labor with a service life of less than a year, regardless of their cost, and means of labor with a service life of more than a year, but with an initial cost less than the level established by regulatory documents. It is clear that a change in the book value of some low-cost items based on the results of the assessment may affect their position as accounting units.

4. When evaluating machinery and equipment, the wear factor plays an extremely important role. As for machines and equipment, their wear is relatively intensive. In most cases, the appraiser has to deal with equipment that has some degree of wear and tear, both physical and functional.

5. The cost of machinery and equipment can be influenced by such intangible assets as a trademark, invention, know-how, etc.

6. The market for machinery and equipment is very structured. Almost every group of cars has its own sector of the commodity market, and these sectors turn out to be much larger than in the real estate market. Moreover, the nature of the market in different sectors is different. For many types of universal machines and equipment, a developed market is characteristic (cars, construction equipment, computers, household and office equipment, universal machine tools, etc.). At the same time, the market for special and unique equipment is mostly narrowly focused. A significant part of special equipment is custom-made and does not have an open market, so it has to be evaluated using only a cost approach.

7. The market for machinery and equipment is very fluid compared to the real estate market. This is due to the systematic renewal of the range of products for industrial and technical purposes and the emergence of new designs to replace obsolete ones.

8. When evaluating machinery and equipment, one should also take into account the dependence of the value of an object on the stage of the life cycle at which it is located.

Machinery and equipment are the most important component of the enterprise's property complex, and the assessment of their market value determines not only the most "probable price" of the technical object or the whole set of machines under study, but also allows you to clearly determine the compliance of the main, defining part of the fixed assets of any business with the current level of development of that or other production.

1.2. Classification of machines and equipment.

The evaluation of machinery and equipment is fraught with many difficulties, including an extraordinary variety of types and types, as well as their options. In addition, it is mainly not modern, manufactured, but already discontinued objects that are operated in the park or are in conservation that are assessed. In this regard, the issue of grouping machines and equipment according to certain principles becomes relevant, which can be done by classifying and applying a single assessment procedure to objects of the same group.

Classification is a system of distribution according to specific distinguishing features.

Currently, many different classifiers for equipment have been developed. They are used for the purposes of accounting for fixed assets, valuation, identification, commercial transactions, depreciation, repair and maintenance, etc.